Northern South Ruthenian dialect
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| Northern South Ruthenian dialect | |
|---|---|
| Полънощьнъ ꙉіꙗлєкът (Polěnošt'ně ďijalekět) | |
| Ґорћина (Gorćĭna) | |
 Coat of arms of Pŕvotræv'njskě | |
| Pronunciation | /ˈpoɫ.no.ʃti̯.nə ði.(j)aˈɫe.kət/ /ˈgor.t͡ɕɪ.na/ |
| Region | Pŕvotræv'njskě, Græcia |
| Ethnicity | Græcian |
Indo-European
| |
The Northern South Ruthenian dialect (/ruːˈθiːniən/; South Ruthenian: Полънощьнъ полъдьнєвьнъ роуѳиньскъ ꙉіꙗлєкът (Polěnošt'ně polěd'nev'ně rouťĭnjskě ďijalekět, /ˈpoɫ.no.ʃti̯.nə poɫˈdʲnev.nə ruˈθiːɲˌsk(ə) ði.(j)aˈɫe.kət/), also known in English as Northern South Ruthene (UK: /rʊˈθiːn/,US: /ruːˈθiːn/), is a dialect spoken by the inhabitants of the Borough of Pŕvotræv'njskě in Græcia. The dialect is colloquially known as "Mountain-ish" (South Ruthenian: Ґорћина Gorćĭna).
History
After the establishment of the borough of Pŕvotræv'njskě on 10 June 2022, the inhabitants started exhibiting a sort of divergence in both spoken and written South Ruthenian, leading to the National Hermodicean Academy of Linguistics of Græcia accepting the fact that a new dialect was born. Thus, on 11 June 2022, the academy's staff officially declared it a dialect and named it "Northern South Ruthenian", since the borough is north of Čěrneś, the first region to adopt the language.
Morphology
The Northern dialect has devolved its vowels, leaving it with the following:
Ѣ, ѣ /æ/
Ѧ, ѧ /ẽ/
Ь, ь /i̯/
Ѫ, ѫ /õ/
Ъ, ъ /ə/ (/ɤ/ when stressed)
У, у /u̯/
Ꙑ, ꙑ /ɨ/
And the respective iotated forms, where applicable:
Ꙓ, ꙓ /jæ/
Ѩ, ѩ /jẽ/
Ѭ, ѭ /jõ/
Phonology
The Northern dialect does not include the wide range of sounds the South Ruthenian language possesses; the Northern South Ruthenian alphabets consist of significantly less letters.
| Cyrillic alphabet |
Letter name |
IPA value |
Romanisation (official) |
Glagolitic script |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ѣ, ѣ | ѣть (ati) |
/æ/ | A, a | Ⱑ, ⱑ |
| Ꙓ, ꙓ | ꙓть (jati) |
/jæ/ | JA, ja | Ⱑ, ⱑ |
| Б, б | бъкꙑ (beky) |
/b/ | B, b | Ⰱ, ⰱ |
| В, в | вьтѣ (vita) |
/v/ | V, v | Ⰲ, ⰲ |
| Г, г | гѣммѣ (hamma) |
/ɣ/, /ʝ/2 | H, h | Ⰳ, ⰳ |
| Ґ, ґ | ґлѣґѫль (glagąlj) |
/g/, /ɟ/2 | G, g | Ⰳ, ⰳ |
| Д, д | дѫбрѫ (dąbrą) |
/d/ | D, d | Ⰴ, ⰴ |
| Ꙉ, ꙉ1, 4 | ꙉѧльтѣ (ďęljta) |
/ð/ | Ď, ď | Ⰴ, ⰴ |
| Ѧ, ѧ | ѧсъ (ęse) |
/ẽ/ | Ę, ę | Ⱔ, ⱔ |
| Ѩ, ѩ | ѩсъ (jęse) |
/jẽ/ | JĘ, ję | Ⱗ, ⱗ |
| Ж, ж | жьвѣтѧ (živatę) |
/ʒ/ | Ž, ž | Ⰶ, ⰶ |
| Ѕ, ѕ | ѕѣлѫ (dzalą) |
/d͡z/ | DZ, dz | Ⰷ, ⰷ |
| З, з | зьтѣ (zita) |
/z/ | Z, z | Ⰸ, ⰸ |
| Ь, ь | ѩрь (jęri) |
/i̯/, /◌ʲ/ | I, i; J, j | Ⱐ, ⱐ |
| К, к | кѣппѣ (kappa) |
/k/, /c/2 | K, k | Ⰽ, ⰽ |
| Л, л | лѣмвꙉѣ (lamvďa) |
/ɫ/ /l/3 |
L, l | Ⰾ, ⰾ |
| М, м | мь (mi) |
/m/ | M, m | Ⰿ, ⰿ |
| Н, н | нь (ni) |
/n/ | N, n | Ⱀ, ⱀ |
| Ѫ, ѫ | ѫсъ (ąse) |
/õ/ | Ą, ą | Ⱘ, ⱘ |
| Ѭ, ѭ | ѭсъ (jąse) |
/jõ/ | JĄ, ją | Ⱙ, ⱙ |
| П, п | пі (pi) |
/p/ | P, p | Ⱂ, ⱂ |
| Р, р | рѫ (rą) |
/r/ | R, r | Ⱃ, ⱃ |
| С, с | сьгмѣ (sihma) |
/s/ | S, s | Ⱄ, ⱄ |
| Т, т | тѣу (tau) |
/t/ | T, t | Ⱅ, ⱅ |
| У, у | укъ (uke) |
/u̯/ | U, u | Ⱆ, ⱆ |
| Ф, ф | фь (fi) |
/f/ | F, f | Ⱇ, ⱇ |
| Х, х | хь (xi) |
/x/, /ç/2 | X, x | Ⱈ, ⱈ |
| Ц, ц | ць (ci) |
/t͡s/ | C, c | Ⱌ, ⱌ |
| Ч, ч | чрьвь (črivi) |
/t͡ʃ/ | Č, č | Ⱍ, ⱍ |
| Џ, џ | џъ (dže) |
/d͡ʒ/ | DŽ, dž | Ⰼ, ⰼ |
| Ш, ш | шѣ (ša) |
/ʃ/ | Š, š | Ⱎ, ⱎ |
| Щ, щ | щѣ (šta) |
/ʃt/ | ŠT, št | Ⱋ, ⱋ |
| Ъ, ъ | ѩръ (jęre) |
/ə/, /ɤ/ /∅/3 |
E, e | Ⱏ, ⱏ |
| Ꙑ, ꙑ | ѩрꙑ (jęry) |
/ɨ/ | Y, y | ⰟⰉ, ⱏⰹ |
| Ѯ, ѯ1 | ѯь (ksi) |
/ks/ | KS, ks | ⰍⰔ, ⰽⱄ |
| Ѱ, ѱ1 | ѱь (psi) |
/ps/ | PS, ps | ⰒⰔ, ⱂⱄ |
| Ѳ, ѳ1 | ѳьтѣ (ťita) |
/θ/ | Ť, ť | Ⱚ, ⱚ |
Notes:
^1 Only used in Hellenic loanwords.
^2 When palatalised.
^3 Vulgar South Ruthenian
^4 Replaced Дһ, дһ with the 2nd spelling reform.
Orthography
Much like the South Ruthenian language, the Northern dialect is regulated so that it is officially written only using the Cyrillic alphabet, although there is an official romanisation deployed only when needed e.g. in foreign texts. Literary Northern South Ruthenian can only be written using the Glagolitic alphabet, as imposed by the National Hermodicean Academy of Linguistics.
Grammar
Articles
As the South Ruthenian language, the Northern dialect does not have articles. The demonstrative pronoun тѫ (tą, fem: тѣ (ta), neuter: тѫвъ (tąve) may be used in front of the noun when definiteness is necessary.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns
Northern South Ruthenian nouns are inflected for case and number. There are seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, locative, and instrumental. There are three numbers: singular, dual and plural. Nouns have inherent gender. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives and pronouns must agree with nouns in case, number, and gender.
Declension
Nouns
Masculine Gender
| Animate | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ends in -Ø or -ъ | ||||||||||||
| sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | ||||
| N | мъж (mež) | мъжѣ (meža) | мъжь (meži) | пьсь (pisi) | пьсѣ (pisa) | пьсь (pisi) | львъ (ljve) | львѣ (ljva) | львь (ljvi) | |||
| A | мъж-ѣ (mež-a) | мъжѣ (meža) | пьсꙑ (pisy) | львꙑ (ljvy) | ||||||||
| G | мъжъ (meže) | мъжь (meži) | пьсѣ (pisa) | пьсъ (pise) | львѣ (ljva) | львъ (ljve) | ||||||
| D | мъж-ъ (mež-e) | мъжѧмѣ (mežęma) | мъжѧмъ (mežęme) | пьсъ (pise) | пьсъмѣ (pisema) | пьсъмъ (piseme) | львъмѣ (ljvema) | львъмъ (ljveme) | ||||
| V | мъжѣ (meža) | мъжь (meži) | пьсѧ (pisę) | пьсѣ (pisa) | пьсь (pisi) | львѧ (ljvę) | львѣ (ljva) | львь (ljvi) | ||||
| L | мъж-ь (mež-i) | мъжъ (meže) | мъжьхъ (mežixe) | пьсѣ (pisa) | пьсъ (pise) | пьсѣхъ (pisaxe) | львѣ (ljva) | львъ (ljve) | львѣхъ (ljvaxe) | |||
| I | мъж-ьмъ (mež-ime) | мъжѧмѣ (mežęma) | мъжьу (mežiu) | пьсъмъ (piseme) | пьсъмѣ (pisema) | пьсꙑ (pisy) | львъмь (ljvemi) | львъмѣ (ljvema) | львьу (ljviu) | |||
| Inanimate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ends in -Ø or -ъ | ||||||
| sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | |
| N | пръх (prex) | пръхѣ (prexa) | пръхь (prexi) | нѣрѫдъ (narąde) | нѣрѫдѣ (narąda) | нѣрѫдь (narądi) |
| A | пръх-ѣ (prex-a) | пръхѣ (prexa) | нѣрѫдꙑ (narądy) | |||
| G | пръхъ (prexe) | пръхь (prexi) | нѣрѫдѣ (narąda) | нѣрѫдъ (narąde) | ||
| D | пръх-ъ (prex-e) | пръхѧмѣ (prexęma) | пръхѧмъ (prexęme) | нѣрѫдѫмѣ (narądąma) | нѣрѫдѫмъ (narądąme) | |
| V | пръхѣ (prexa) | пръхь (prexi) | нѣрѫдѧ (narądę) | нѣрѫдѣ (narąda) | нѣрѫдь (narądi) | |
| L | пръх-ь (prex-i) | пръхъ (prexe) | пръхьхъ (prexixe) | нѣрѫдѣ (narąda) | нѣрѫдъ (narąde) | нѣрѫдѣхъ (narądaxe) |
| I | пръх-ьмъ (prex-ime) | пръхѧмѣ (prexęma) | пръхьу (prexiu) | нѣрѫдъмь (narądemi) | нѣрѫдѫмѣ (narądąma) | нѣрѫдьу (narądiu) |
Feminine Gender
| Animate | Inanimate | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ends in -ѣ, -ь, or -щ | ||||||||||||
| sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | ||||
| N | жѧнѣ (žęna) | жѧнѣ (žęna) | жѧнꙑ (žęny) | мѣть (mati) | мѣтьрь (matiri) | нѫщ (nąšt) | нѫщь (nąšti) | нѫщь (nąšti) | ||||
| A | жѧнъ (žęne) | мѣтьрь (matiri) | ||||||||||
| G | жѧнꙑ (žęny) | жѧнъ (žęne) | мѣтьрѧ (matirę) | мѣтьръ (matire) | нѫщь (nąšti) | нѫщъ (nąšte) | ||||||
| D | жѧнъ (žęne) | жѧнѣмѣ (žęnama) | жѧнѣмь (žęnami) | мѣтьрь (matiri) | мѣтьрьмѣ (matirima) | мѣтьрьмъ (matirime) | нѫщьмѣ (nąštima) | нѫщьмъ (nąštime) | ||||
| V | жѧнѫ (žęną) | жѧнѣ (žęna) | жѧнꙑ (žęny) | мѣть (mati) | мѣтьрь (matiri) | нѫщь (nąšti) | ||||||
| L | жѧнѣ (žęna) | жѧнъ (žęne) | жѧнѣхъ (žęnaxe) | мѣтьрѧ (matirę) | мѣтьръ (matire) | мѣтьрьхъ (matirixe) | нѫщъ (nąšte) | нѫщьхъ (nąštixe) | ||||
| I | жѧнѫмъ (žęnąme) | жѧнѣмѣ (žęnama) | жѧнѣмь (žęnami) | мѣтьрѭ (matirją) | мѣтьрьмѣ (matirima) | мѣтьрьмь (matirimi) | нѫщьѭ (nąštiją) | нѫщьмѣ (nąštima) | нѫщьмь (nąštimi) | |||
Neuter Gender
| Animate | Inanimate | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ends in -ѧ or -ѫ | ||||||||||||
| sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | sg. | dual | pl. | |
| N, A, V | дѣтѧ (datę) | дѣтѧть (datęti) | дѣтѧтѣ (datęta) | мѫрѩ (mąrję) | мѫрь (mąri) | мѫрꙓ (mąrja) | нѧбѫ (nębą) | нѧбѧсь (nębęsi) | нѧбѧсѣ (nębęsa) | ьмѧ (imę) | ьмѧнь (imęnj) | ьмѧнѣ (imęna) |
| G | дѣтѧ-тѧ (datę-tę) | дѣтѧтъ (datęte) | мѫрꙓ (mąrja) | мѫръ (mąre) | мѫрь (mąri) | нѧбѧсѧ (nębęsę) | нѧбѧсъ (nębęse) | ьмѧнѧ (imęnę) | ьмѧнъ (imęne) | |||
| D | дѣтѧ-ть (datę-ti) |
дѣтѧтьмѣ (datętima) | дѣтѧтьмъ (datętime) | мѫръ (mąre) | мѫрѩмѣ (mąrjęma) | мѫрѩмъ (mąrjęme) | нѧбѧсь (nębęsi) | нѧбѧсьмѣ (nębęsima) | нѧбѧсьмъ (nębęsime) | ьмѧнь (imęnj) | ьмѧньмѣ (imęnjma) | ьмѧньмъ (imęnjme) |
| L | дѣтѧ-тѧ (datę-tę) | дѣтѧтъ (datęte) | дѣтѧтьхъ (datętixe) | мѫрь (mąri) | мѫръ (mąre) | мѫрьхъ (mąrix) | нѧбѧсѧ (nębęsę) | нѧбѧсъ (nębęse) | нѧбѧсьхъ (nębęsixe) | ьмѧнѧ (imęnę) | ьмѧнъ (imęne) | ьмѧньхъ (imęnixe) |
| I | дѣтѧ-тьмъ (datę-time) | дѣтѧтьмѣ (datętima) | дѣтѧтꙑ (datęty) | мѫрьмъ (mąrime) | мѫрьма (mąrima) | мѫрь (mąri) | нѧбѧсьмь (nębęsimi) | нѧбѧсьмѣ (nębęsima) | нѧбѧсꙑ (nębęsy) | ьмѧньмъ (imęnime) | ьмѧньмѣ (imęnima) | ьмѧнꙑ (imęny) |
Adjectives
| Indefinite | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N | вѣлькъ (valjke) | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | вѣлькѫ (valjką) | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | вѣлькь (valjki) | вѣлькꙑ (valjky) | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | вѣлькъ (valjke) | вѣлькꙑ (valjky) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | вѣлькꙑ (valjky) | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | вѣлькъ (valjke) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | вѣлькъ (valjke) | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | вѣлькъ (valjke) | вѣлькѫмѣ (valjkąma) | вѣлькѣмѣ (valjkama) | вѣлькѫмѣ (valjkąma) | вѣлькѫмъ (valjkąme) | вѣлькѣмъ (valjkame) | вѣлькѫмъ (valjkąme) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| V | вѣльчѧ (valjčę) | вѣлькѫ (valjką) | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | вѣлькь (valjki) | вѣлькꙑ (valjky) | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | вѣлькѣ (valjka) | вѣлькъ (valjke) | вѣлькѣхъ (valjkaxe) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | вѣлькѫмъ (valjkąme) | вѣлькѫь (valjkąj) | вѣлькѫмъ (valjkąme) | вѣлькѫмѣ (valjkąma) | вѣлькѣмѣ (valjkama) | вѣлькѫмѣ (valjkąma) | вѣлькѫмъ (valjkąme) | вѣлькѣмъ (valjkame) | вѣлькѫмъ (valjkąme) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | m. | f. | n. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| N, V | вѣлькь (valjki) | вѣлькѣꙓ (valjkaja) | вѣлькѫѩ (valjkąję) | вѣлькѣꙓ (valjkaja) | вѣлькꙓь (valjkjaj) | вѣлькьь (valjkij) | вѣлькꙑꙓ (valjkyja) | вѣлькѣꙓ (valjkaja) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| A | вѣлькъꙓ (valjkeja) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| G | вѣлькѣѩґѫ (valjkajęgą) | вѣлькꙑꙓ (valjkyja) | вѣлькѣѩґѫ (valjkajęgą) | вѣлькъѭ (valjkeją) | вѣлькꙑхъ (valjkyxe) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| D | вѣлькъѩмъ (valjkejęme) | вѣлькꙓь (valjkjaj) | вѣлькъѩмъ (valjkejęme) | вѣлькꙑма (valjkyma) | вѣлькꙑмъ (valjkyme) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| L | вѣлькꙓѩмъ (valjkjajęme) | вѣлькꙓѩмъ (valjkjajęme) | вѣлькъѭ (valjkeją) | вѣлькꙑьхъ (valjkyjxe) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| I | вѣлькꙑмь (valjkymi) | вѣлькꙑмь (valjkymi) | вѣлькъꙓ (valjkeja) | вѣлькꙑма (valjkyma) | вѣлькꙑмь (valjkymi) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vocabulary
Swadesh list
| Northern South Ruthenian | IPA | English |
|---|---|---|
| ꙓзъ (jaze) |
/ˈjæz(ə)/ | I |
| тꙑ (ty) |
/tɨ/ | Thou |
| ѫнъ (ąne) |
/ˈõn(ə)/ | He |
| мꙑ (my) |
/mɨ/ | We |
| вꙑ (vy) |
/vɨ/ | You |
| ѫнь (ąni) |
/ˈõni̯/ | They |
| тѫ/тѣ/тѫвъ (tą/ta/tąve) |
/ˈtõ/, /ˈtæ/, /ˈtõ(m)v(ə)/ | This |
| ѫнѫ/ѫнѣ/ѫнѫвъ (ąną/ąna/ąnąve) |
/ˈõnõ/, /ˈõnæ/, /ˈõnõ(m)v(ə)/ | That |
| тъ (te) |
/tɤ/ | Here |
| тѣмъ (tame) |
/ˈtæm(ə)/ | There |
| кътѫ (ketą) |
/kɤˈtõ/ | who |
| щѣ (šta) |
/ʃtæ/ | what |
| кѫдѣ (kąda) |
/kõ(n)ˈdæ/ | where |
| къґдѣ (kegda) |
/kɤgˈdæ/ | when |
| кѣкъ (kake) |
/ˈkæk(ə)/ | how |
| нѩ (nję) |
/ɲẽ/ | not |
| вьсь (visi) |
/vi̯sʲ/ | all |
| мънѫґъ (menąge) |
/mɤˈnõg(ə)/ | many |
| нѣкѫлькѫ (nakąljką) |
/næˈkõli̯kõ/ | some |
| мѣлѫ (malą) |
/ˈmæɫõ/ | few |
| дръґь (dregi) |
/ˈdrɤɟi̯/ | other |
| ѩдьнъ (jędine)) |
/ˈjẽ(n)dʲn(ə)/ | one |
| дъвѣ (deva) |
/dɤˈvæ/ | two |
| трьѩ (triję) |
/ˈtri̯jẽ/ | three |
| чьтꙑрѧ (čityrę) |
/t͡ʃʲˈtɨrẽ/ | four |
| пѣтъ (pate) |
/ˈpæt(ə)/ | five |
| вѣлькъ (valike) |
/ˈvælʲk(ə)/ | big |
| длъґъ (dlege) |
/ˈdlɤg(ə)/ | long |
| шьрѫкъ (širąke) |
/ʃi̯ˈrõ(n)k(ə)/ | wide |
| тлъстъ (tleste) |
/ˈtlɤst(ə)/ | thick |
| тѣжькъ (tažike) |
/ˈtæʒʲk(ə)/ | heavy |
| мѣлъ (male) |
/ˈmæɫ(ə)/ | small |
| крѣтъкъ (krateke) |
/ˈkrætɤk(ə)/ | short |
| ꙑзъкъ (yzeke) |
/ˈɨzɤk(ə)/ | narrow |
| тьнъкъ (tineke) |
/ˈti̯nɤk(ə)/ | thin |
| жѧнѣ (žęna) |
/ˈʒẽnæ/ | woman |
| мъж (mež) |
/mɤʒ/ | man (adult male) |
| члѫвѣкъ (človake) |
/ˈt͡ʃɫõ(m)væk(ə)/ | man (human being) |
| дѣтѧ (datę) |
/ˈdætẽ/ | child |
| съпръґѣ (seprega) |
/ˈsɤpr(ə)gæ/ | wife |
| съпръґъ (seprege) |
/ˈsɤpr(ə)g(ə)/ | husband |
| мѣть (mati) |
/ˈmætʲ/ | mother |
| ѫтьць (ątici) |
/ˈõ(n)ti̯t͡sʲ/ | father |
| жьвѫтьнꙓ (živątinja) |
/ʒi̯ˈvõ(n)tʲɲæ/ | animal |
| рꙑбѣ (ryba) |
/ˈrɨbæ/ | fish |
| пътьцѣ (petica) |
/pɤˈti̯t͡sæ/ | bird |
| пьсь (pisi) |
/pi̯sʲ/ | dog |
| въш (veš) |
/vɤʃ/ | louse |
| змѣꙓ (zmaja) |
/ˈzmæjæ/ | snake |
| чрьвь (črivi) |
/ˈt͡ʃrʲvʲ/ | worm |
| дрѣвѫ (dravą) |
/ˈdrævõ/ | tree |
| лꙓсъ (ljase) |
/ˈʎæs(ə)/ | forest |
| пръчкѣ (prečka) |
/ˈprɤt͡ʃkæ/ | stick |
| плѫдъ (pląde) |
/ˈplõ(n)d(ə)/ | fruit |
| сѣмѧ (samę) |
/ˈsæmẽ/ | seed |
| льстъ (liste) |
/ˈli̯st(ə)/ | leaf |
| кѫрѧнь (kąręnj) |
/ˈkõrẽnʲ/ | root |
| кърѣ (kera) |
/ˈkɤræ/ | bark (of a tree) |
| квѣтъ (kvate) |
/ˈkvæt(ə)/ | flower |
| трѣвѣ (trava) |
/ˈtrævæ/ | grass |
| вѫжѧ (vąžę) |
/ˈvõʒẽ/ | rope |
| кѫжѣ (kąža) |
/ˈkõʒæ/ | skin |
| мѣсѫ (masą) |
/ˈmæsõ/ | meat |
| крꙑ (kry) |
/krɨ/ | blood |
| кѫщ (kąšt) |
/kõʃt/ | bone |
| мѣщ (mašt) |
/mæʃt/ | fat (noun) |
| ꙓцѧ (jacę) |
/ˈjæt͡sẽ/ | egg |
| рѫґъ (rąge) |
/ˈrõ(ŋ)g(ə)/ | horn |
| хвѫстъ (xvąstě) |
/ˈxvõst(ə)/ | tail |
| пѣрѫ (parą) |
/pæˈrõ/ | feather |
| влъсъ (vlese) |
/ˈvlɤs(ə)/ | hair |
| ґлъвѣ (gleva) |
/glɤˈvæ/ | head |
| ъхѫ (exą) |
/ˈɤxõ/ | ear |
| уѫкѫ (uąką) |
/u̯ˈõ(ŋ)kõ/ | eye |
| нѫсъ (nąse) |
/ˈnõs(ə)/ | nose |
| ъстѣ (esta) |
/ˈɤstæ/ | mouth |
| зъб (zeb) |
/zɤb/ | tooth |
| ѩзꙑкъ (języke) |
/jẽ'zɨk(ə)/ | tongue (organ) |
| нѫґъць (nągeci) |
/ˈnõ(ŋ)gɤt͡sʲ/ | fingernail |
| нѫґѣ (nąga) |
/ˈnõ(ŋ)gæ/ | foot |
| плѧснѣ (plęsna) |
/ˈpɫẽsnæ/ | leg |
| кѫлѣнѫ (kąlaną) |
/ˈkõɫænõ/ | knee |
| ръкѣ (reka) |
/rɤˈkæ/ | hand |
| крꙑлѫ (krylą) |
/ˈkrɨɫõ/ | wing |
| бръхѫ (brexą) |
/ˈbrɤxõ/ | belly |
| чрѣвѫ (čravą) |
/ˈt͡ʃrævõ/ | guts |
| вꙑꙓ (vyja) |
/ˈvɨjæ/ | neck |
| лѣдвѣ (ladva) |
/ˈlædvæ/ | back |
| ґръдь (gredi) |
/grɤdʲ/ | breast |
| сърдьцѧ (serdicę) |
/ˈsɤrdʲt͡sẽ/ | heart |
| пѩчѧнь (pjęčęnj) |
/ˈpʲẽ(n)t͡ʃẽnʲ/ | liver |
| пьть (piti) |
/ˈpi̯tʲ/ | to drink |
| ꙓсть (jasti) |
/ˈjæstʲ/ | to eat |
| кѫсѣть (kąsati) |
/kõˈsætʲ/ | to bite |
| съсѣть (sesati) |
/sɤˈsætʲ/ | to suck |
| пльвѣть (pljvati) |
/plʲˈvætʲ/ | to spit |
| бльвѣть (bljvati) |
/ˈbli̯vætʲ/ | to vomit |
| дъхѣть (dexati) |
/ˈdɤxætʲ/ | to blow |
| дꙑхѣть (dyxati) |
/ˈdɨxætʲ/ | to breathe |
| смьꙓть сѧ (smijati sę) |
/smi̯ˈjætʲ‿sẽ/ | to laugh |
| вьдѣть (vidati) |
/ˈvi̯dætʲ/ | to see |
| слъшѣть (slešati) |
/ˈsɫɤʃætʲ/ | to hear |
| вѣдѣть (vadati) |
/ˈvædætʲ/ | to know |
| мꙑслѣть (myslati) |
/ˈmɨsɫætʲ/ | to think |
| мьрьсѣть (mirisati) |
/mʲˈri̯sætʲ/ | to smell |
| бѫꙓть сѧ (bąjati sę) |
/ˈbõjætʲ‿sẽ/ | to fear |
| съпѣть (sepati) |
/sɤˈpætʲ/ | to sleep |
| жьвѣть (živati) |
/ˈʒi̯vætʲ/ | to live |
| въмрѣть (vemrati) |
/ˈvɤmrætʲ/ | to die |
| въбꙑть (vebyti) |
/ˈvɤbɨtʲ/ | to kill |
| брѫти сѧ (brąti sę) |
/ˈbrõ(n)tʲ‿sẽ/ | to fight |
| пьсьвѫдьть (pisivąditi) |
/pʲsʲˈvõdi̯tʲ/ | to hunt |
| бьть (biti) |
/ˈbi̯tʲ/ | to hit |
| рѣзѣть (razati) |
/ˈræzætʲ/ | to cut |
| рѣздꙓльть (razdjaliti) |
/ræzˈdjæli̯tʲ/ | to split |
| ньссѣть (nissati) |
/ˈni̯s(ː)ætʲ/ | to stab |
| дрѣпѣть (drapati) |
/dræˈpætʲ/ | to scratch |
| кѫпѣть (kąpati) |
/kõ(m)ˈpætʲ/ | to dig |
| плꙑнѫть (plynąti) |
/ˈpɫɨnõ(n)tʲ/ | to swim |
| лѧтѣть (lętati) |
/ˈɫẽ(n)tætʲ/ | to fly |
| хѫдьть (xąditi) |
/ˈxõ(n)di̯tʲ/ | to walk |
| дѫть (dąti) |
/ˈdõ(n)tʲ/ | to come |
| лѧжѣть (lęžati) |
/ɫẽˈʒætʲ/ | to lie (as in bed) |
| сѣсть (sasti) |
/ˈsæstʲ/ | to sit |
| стѣть (stati) |
/ˈstætʲ/ | to stand |
| ѫкрѧнѫть сѧ (ąkręnąti sę) |
/õˈkrẽnõ(n)tʲ‿sẽ/ | to turn (intransitive) |
| пѣсть (pasti) |
/ˈpæstʲ/ | to fall |
| дѣть (dati) |
/ˈdætʲ/ | to give |
| държѣть (deržati) |
/ˈdɤrʒætʲ/ | to hold |
| сътьскѣть (setiskati) |
/sɤˈti̯skætʲ/ | to squeeze |
| трѣть (trati) |
/ˈtrætʲ/ | to rub |
| мꙑть (myti) |
/ˈmɨtʲ/ | to wash |
| бършѣть (beršati) |
/ˈbɤrʃætʲ/ | to wipe |
| влѣщь (vlašti) |
/ˈvɫæʃtʲ/ | to pull |
| блъскѣть (bleskati) |
/ˈblɤskætʲ/ | to push |
| кꙑдѣть (kydati) |
/ˈkɨdætʲ/ | to throw |
| вѧсть (vęsti) |
/ˈvẽstʲ/ | to tie |
| шꙑть (šyti) |
/ˈʃɨtʲ/ | to sew |
| брѫть (brąti) |
/ˈbrõ(n)tʲ/ | to count |
| рѧкть (rękti) |
/ˈrẽ(ŋ)ktʲ/ | to say |
| пѣть (pati) |
/ˈpætʲ/ | to sing |
| ґрѣть (grati) |
/ˈgrætʲ/ | to play |
| плѣвѣть (plavati) |
/ˈpɫævætʲ/ | to float |
| тѧщь (tęšti) |
/ˈtẽʃtʲ/ | to flow |
| зѣмръзвѣть (zamrezvati) |
/zæˈmrɤzvætʲ/ | to freeze |
| пъхнъть (pexneti) |
/ˈpɤxnɤtʲ/ | to swell |
| слъньцѧ (slenjcę) |
/ˈsɫɤnʲt͡sẽ/ | sun |
| мѣсѧць (masęci) |
/ˈmæsẽ(n)t͡sʲ/ | moon |
| ѕвѣздѣ (dzvazda) |
/'d͡zvæzdæ/ | star |
| вѫдѣ (vąda) |
/ˈvõ(n)dæ/ | water |
| дъжџь (deždži) |
/'dɤʒd͡ʒʲ/ | rain |
| рѣкѣ (raka) |
/ˈrækæ/ | river |
| ѩзѧръ (jęzęre) |
/ˈjẽzẽr(ə)/ | lake |
| мѫрѩ (mąrję) |
/ˈmõrjẽ/ | sea |
| сѫль (sąlj) |
/sõlʲ/ | salt |
| кѣмѧнь (kamęnj) |
/ˈkæmẽnʲ/ | stone |
| пѣсъкъ (paseke) |
/'pæsɤk(ə)/ | sand |
| пръх (prex) |
/prɤx/ | dust |
| зѧмлꙓ (zęmlja) |
/ˈzẽmʎæ/ | earth |
| ѫблѣкъ (ąblake) |
/ˈõ(m)bɫæk(ə)/ | cloud |
| мъґлѣ (megla) |
/mɤˈgɫæ/ | fog |
| нѧбѫ (nębą) |
/ˈnẽ(m)bõ/ | sky |
| вꙓтръ (vjatre) |
/ˈvʲætr(ə)/ | wind |
| снꙓґъ (snjage) |
/ˈsɲæg(ə)/ | snow |
| лѧдъ (lęde) |
/ˈɫẽ(n)d(ə)/ | ice |
| дꙑмъ (dyme) |
/ˈdɨm(ə)/ | smoke |
| ѫґнь (ągnj) |
/õ(ŋ)gnʲ/ | fire |
| пѫпѧлъ (pąpęle) |
/ˈpõ(m)pẽɫ(ə)/ | ash |
| пѣльть (paliti) |
/'pæli̯tʲ/ | to burn |
| ꙉрѫмъ (ďrąmě) |
/ˈðrõm(ə)/ | road |
| ґѫрѣ (gąra) |
/ˈgõræ/ | mountain |
| нѫщ (nąšt) |
/nõʃt/ | night |
| дьнь (dinj) |
/di̯nʲ/ | day |
| ґѫдъ (gąde) |
/ˈgõ(n)d(ə)/ | year |
| тѫплъ (tąple) |
/ˈtõ(m)pɫ(ə)/ | warm |
| хѫлдънъ (xąldene) |
/ˈxõɫdɤn(ə)/ | cold |
| пльнъ (pline) |
/ˈpli̯n(ə)/ | full |
| нѫвъ (nąve) |
/ˈnõ(m)v(ə)/ | new |
| стѣръ (stare) |
/ˈstær(ə)/ | old |
| дѫбръ (dąbre) |
/ˈdõ(m)br(ə)/ | good |
| зълъ (zele) |
/ˈzɤɫ(ə)/ | bad |
| ґньлъ (gnile) |
/ˈgni̯ɫ(ə)/ | rotten |
| чьстъ (čiste) |
/ˈt͡ʃi̯st(ə)/ | clean |
| нѩчьстъ (njęčiste) |
/ˈɲẽ(n)t͡ʃi̯st(ə)/ | dirty |
| прѣвъ (prave) |
/ˈpræv(ə)/ | straight |
| кръґъл (kregel) |
/ˈkrɤgɤɫ/ | round |
| ѫстръ (ąstre) |
/ˈõstr(ə)/ | sharp (as a knife) |
| тъп (tep) |
/tɤp/ | dull (as a knife) |
| ґлѣдъкъ (gladeke) |
/ˈgɫædɤk(ə)/ | smooth |
| мѫкър (mąker) |
/ˈmõ(ŋ)kɤr/ | wet |
| съх (sex) |
/sɤx/ | dry |
| вꙓрьнъ (vjarine) |
/ˈvʲærʲn(ə)/ | correct |
| нѩвꙓрьнъ (njęvjarine) |
/ˈɲẽ(m)vʲærʲn(ə)/ | false |
| дѣлък (dalek) |
/ˈdæɫɤk/ | far |
| нѩдѣлък (njedalěk) |
/ˈɲẽ(n)dæɫɤk/ | near |
| прѣвъ (prave) |
/ˈpræv(ə)/ | right |
| лꙓвъ (ljave) |
/ˈʎæv(ə)/ | left |
| нѣ (na) |
/næ/ | at |
| съ (se) |
/s(ə)/ | with |
| въ (ve) |
/v(ə)/ | in |
| чѧ (čę) |
/t͡ʃẽ/ | and |
| ꙓкѫ (jaką) |
/ˈjækõ/ | if |
| ьжѧ (ižę) |
/ˈi̯ʒẽ/ | because |
| ьмѧ (imę) |
/ˈi̯mẽ/ | name |
Colour names
| Colour | Northern South Ruthenian | English |
|---|---|---|
| бѣлъ (bale) |
white | |
| хѣдъ (xade) |
light grey | |
| сьвъ (sive) |
silver | |
| сꙓръ (sjare) |
grey | |
| смѫґлъ (smągle) |
dark grey | |
| чрънъ (črene) |
black | |
| бѣґъръ (bagere) |
crimson | |
| рꙑждь (ryždi) |
ginger | |
| ръдъ (rede) |
brown | |
| смѣдъ (smade) |
copper/bronze/gold | |
| жлътъ (žlete) |
yellow | |
| ґрѣньвъ (granive) |
orange | |
| чьрвлѩнъ (čirvljęne) |
red | |
| ръмѣнъ (remane) |
pink | |
| сльвъ (slive) |
purple | |
| сьнь (sinj) |
grey-blue | |
| мѫдръ (mądre) |
(dark) blue | |
| пѫлвъ (pąlve) |
sky blue | |
| зѧлѧнъ (zęlęne) |
light green | |
| ґрѣнъ (grane) |
(dark) green |