Draft:Forunes

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Judicate of Forunes
Lagdøme Furunes (Norwegian)
Flag of Forunes
Flag
Coat of arms of Forunes
Coat of arms
Motto: "Med lov skal landet vårt byggjast og ikkje med ulov øydast" (Norwegian)
"With law shall our land be built, and not desolated by lawlessness" (English)
StatusActive
LocationFrosta, Norway
CapitalBrattvika
Official languagesNorwegian [a]
Government
• Lagmann
Felix Sand
• Viselagmann
Chris Ramsay
LegislatureFurutinget
Independence 
from Norway
• Independence
29 July 2023
• Constitution ratified
25 April 2020
Membership21
CurrencyFurones penning
(NOK) (accepted)
Time zoneUTC0 ((CEST))
• Summer (DST)
UTC-1 (CEST)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code+47
Internet TLD.no

Forunes, also commonly known as Furunes, offically the Judicate of Forunes (Norwegian: Lagdøme Forunes) is a self-proclaimed nation and quasi-state located in the traditional region of Trøndelag, Norway. The micronation is located entirely within the Frosta muncipality, where it claims an ancient wooden area with the same name. Forunes is entirely enclaved by Norway on all sides, including its coastline along the fjord, as the fjord is recognized internationally as being Norwegian waters. Forunes as an idea precedes the offical declaration of independence, which occurred on 29 July 2023 during the annual mass for St Olaf, patron saint of Forunes. Forunes holds de facto sovereignty over most of its claims inside the mostly-uninhabited tidal riparian forests that comprise its territory. It is divided into several ridings referred-to locally as "skipreide" and which fall under a sysle (the first proper administrative counties, which ridings are subordinated under.) The most-important ridings (skipdreier) are Svartland and Brattvika.

The third paragraph should give an overview of the nation's relation to the broader micronational movement and the nation's foreign policy.

Etymology

The origin of the word English exonym "Forunes" comes from two different words, Foru which comes from the Norwegian word furu which again comes from' Old West Norse fura and nes from Old West Norse (Furanes) nes meaning a headland while furu translates to a pine tree (Lit: Pine Headland). The name can be reconstructed even further to the Proto Germanic language "Furhō and "nasją" (Furhōnasją) Throughout history, the name has been written differently, an example of which is this following chronological list of the name throughout history; During the Viking age the name was most likely Furanes. This variation most likely survived until 1350, which marked an end to “Old Norwegian” and started the “Middle Norwegian” period. The cadastre of Aslak Bolt(1432) mentions a farm in Halogaland with a identitical name Furnes which is written as Furonese [1] also as Ffuronese [2](1432/1433). Forunes (1692) [3] Forunes (1700) [4] Furnes (1704) [5] Furunesset (1800) [6] Furunes (1890) [7] Furunes (1940) [8] Today, the offical name either Furunes or Furuneset on offical documents and maps. While Furunes is the offical version, Forunes was choosen by the Furutinget as the English version, due to an old English exonym of the place from the time it was still spelt as Forunes.[citation needed]

History

Prehistoric age

There has been people persisting in Forunes most likely since the Stone Age. Not far from Forunes there are rock carvings at Evenhus from (1100-1800 B.C) These carvings illustrate boats, whales and other maritime animals. It is proved that the hunter gatherers around Forunes held a maritime way of life, including settlements by the coast and several contemporary carvings of boats and maritime animals, according to researcher Sigmund K. Alsaker “the boat was a requirement for survival for these (hunter-gatherers.)” [9] It has been speculated that the thick forests of Forunes was a common hunting ground for the nearby neolithic settlements and the shores were frequently used as fishing grounds.


The region Trøndelag which Forunes is a part of, was according to professor in archaeology, Kalle Sogness "the northernmost Bronze age province." The oldest excavations from Forunes are from the Bronze Age, of which there has been two registered Bronze Age two burial mounds, each of them with latter on looting piles. A usual pattern amongst both the registered and unregistered Brone Age burial mounds is their setting upon tall ridges overlooking the fjord, suggesting perhaps a heavily based maritime culture based upon the Trondheimsfjord.


One of the Bronze age mound is registered as one of the biggest grave mounds on the Frosta peninsula [10] The grave mound sits upon a tall ridge with a deep fall to the beach from it. It has been speculated that the reason for its seating lays not only for the view to both the sea and sun, but also so the tomb could be easily fortified with primitive defenses such as earthworks, though there is no literary nor archaeological evidence to prove this. The grave mounds deceased themselves are believed to be either warrior/s or chieftain/s, according to Kalle Sognnes, professor of archaeology, it was the warrior/chieftain class who was in most if not all cases, buried in grave mounds. [11] Forunes and the surronding region, in contrast to other European regions during the Bronze age, held also hunting and fishing as an important income of food rather than mostly agriculture.


During the Migration period several tribes began to clash for survival by the Trondheimsfjord this in return saw a heavy rise in construction of hillforts and weapons, the 12th century manuscript Historia Norwegiæ talks about migration from Upplands c. 600s, the tribe migrating [b] to Trøndelag wouldve have fought the local natives in the area in a bloody continous war which made both sides begin to en masse build hillforts in the area, the natives who lived in Forunes is believed to be the tribe "Adogit" mentioned by Jordanes c. 550 in his work "Getica." Around late 6th century, King Aulvir, in accordance local oral tellings is percieved as being a form of "restorer of peace" by conquering large areas and enforcing law and order in the areas by force, he sucessfully tok a end to the chaos and ended the migration period. He has also been percieved to be the founder of a "law and defence league amongst the Trønders" [12] Forunes itself is believed to conquered by King Aulvir by an local chieftain as a necessity in order to fully take over the Frosta peninsula.

Not far from Forunes there lays a ancient grave mound next to the Alstadhaug church, on where petty king Aulvir lays. One local story tells of that King Aulvir with his attache went through the main ancient hunting road to conquer the Frosta peninsula instead of the other proper roads could his enemies would have be encamped at, besides the unsurely fabricated story of his travel through Forunes, Forunes was most likely ruled by King Alvir's realm. If he conquered it by force, with peace or if he inherited Forunes; There is no archaeological nor literary sources to prove this.


Later on by the Migration period, there must have been waging war between different tribes in the area, hence the building of several hill forts throughout Trøndelag. The Migration period must have also have left a important mark on Furones and surrondings, as all dates for a unified Germanic law thing are dated to be created either during - or after the period.

During the Viking Age and later on the medieval period, it is speculated that the thick Forunesian forest was exploited for shipbuilding, both so for the "viking fleets" of the Jarldom of Lade later on also for the local chieftain's harbour "Vikinghamna på Fånestangen" was built around 1000. (lit. Fånestangen's viking harbour.) from around year 1000 [13] [14] The harbour was the "best port" on the west side of Frosta and due to that it was used as transportation by tingmenn from inner-Trøndelag when they were on their way to Frostating. From the natural harbour there was also an ancient road leading from the harbour to Logtun (Frostating's meeting place.) This ancient road which is still used today, crosses right through Forunes. [15] The harbour was the seat of several prominent chieftains, the most famous one being, Olav Vigdeild whom was a lendmann fighting for Skule Bårdsson 1239-1240 in the Norwegian civil war. Olav Vigdeild was the commander of 14 longships which played a part in the raiding of Møre 1239. If the 14 longships was made out of timber from Forunesian woods is a by a large margin, a possibility.


Later on, the port was used by the Archbishop of Nidaros Aslak Bolt between 1428 to 1450 as a layover from Trondheim to Ytterøy [16] History of copper mining in Ytterøy dates back to the early 1500s. [17]

The nearby port of Fånestangen is believed to be a stopover before heading to the regional market and capital Trondheim passing by Forunes. Archbishop Erik Valkendorf desired copper for his coin production at the Archbishop’s palace therefore, he invited two Swedes to excavate for copper in Trøndelag. An letter dated to 27 july 1516 from Archbishop Valkendorf to King Christian II tells about the two Swedes discovering a «Kaaberbierg 8 store Miile fra Trundem» (English translation: Copper mountain 8 big miles from Trondheim) The copper mountain mentioned is believed to be the one at Ytterøya. [18] Forunes was affected by this due the nearby Archbishops’ port Fånestangen being stragetically nested between Ytterøya and Trondheim, as it is 8 miles from Trondheim to Ytterøya, it is only 3.5 miles by ship, this grew the transport from and to Ytterøy through Forunes which with its vast forests had to be for the first time commerically chopped for reparing ships, building new ones and fuel for the copper.Forunes is believed to be already Archbishop's property, hence the high usage of the woods.

Politics and government

The Judicate of Forunes does not follow three separate branches of power on accordance to Montesquieu, rather one unicameral for all of which, Furutinget, divided upon 12 representatives, referred to with the historical title lagrettemenn on which the leader of Furuting lagmann has full right to veto any passing of law. The current Lagmann is Felix Sand, referred to as simply "Lagmann Felix."

The Furuting works with three major meetings

Insert a brief description of your nation's government, its parts, and their functions.

Furuting Law

Furuting law is the acting offical law of Forunes in which the Furuting is based heavily on the local medieval law; Frostatingslova, which has a documented history from at least the 10th century, though some scholars trace it to the Migration period. The law follows germanic law, with one documented exception [c] The Furuting stretches from civilian law regarding that one out of five fish caught shall be paid directly to the Judicate as tax, to forcing all Forunesians by law to rebel against the lagmann if he was to abuse his power. Furuting law also enacts the law that the Furuting court must follow, the law also specifically mentions that the assembly do not have to follow the laws servile, and in decisions in which the Furuting court finds nothing within Furuting law or other related law books, should decide on their own. If there was a desire to add content or clarifiactions it says in the Furuting law that there must be

Lagmann

The lagmann (Old Norse: lögmaðr) or in English lawspeaker is the head of state in Forunes, it is a unique Scandinavian legal office which has ancient origins. The duties that the Lagmann today holds is almost completely identitical as it had for thousands of years, such as safeguarding the rights of the people and the court, to watch over the Furuthing court following the laws and having the final say in decisions. The Lagmann also holds full veto rights in Furuthings decisions. In pratice, since it is nearly impossible for a lagmann to stay in office against the will of the Furuthing, the lagmann is also answerable to the Furuthing. Use ====Level 4 headings==== for the upper and lower houses or chambers. In order to lessen any priviliges to the Lagmann, the lagmann also holds no form of immunity whatsoever, the act of immunity has been referred to some as "hidden tyranny." It is explicitly mentioned in the Furuthing law that all citizens, levies and hirdmen must not swear to the current Lagmann, rather to the law and the Judicate itself.

Law and order

Insert information about the nation's judicial system and/or law enforcement. The law and the order of Furuting follows more of a thalassocratic law enforcement with some exceptions, this is due Forunes being a thalassocracy, and so forth most of the tolls is enacted upon fishing mentioned in the Furuting law. For example, the toll of giving away every fifth fish to the Judicate. The seasonal thalassocratic "army" also holds small primitive encamped stations close by both the main road St Olavsleden, and at by the seaside strongholds.

Military

Forunes holds no proper standing army, rather two separate millitary insitutions one working as a seasonal levy force guarding the forests against poachers and frequent visits by the coastlines against overfishing. The other millitary insitution, Insert brief information about the structure of the nation's military, its branches, the weaponry used, and notable conflicts the nation was involved in.

Ministries

If your nation has ministries managing certain fields, explain them here under ==== Level 4 headings.==== Some information to include might be the powers that the ministry has, the history of ministries in the nation, etc. For example:

Ministry of Forunes

The ministry of example is responsible for {task} and {task} in the Example Republic. It was established on 20 April 2022 under the Ministry Act to manage [certain aspect of the nation].

Foreign relations

Provide a general overview of the nation's foreign policy and its involvement in sectors, organizations, etc.

Regional relations

Jamtland

Micronational recognition

Allies (physical agreement signed) Mutual recognition (digital agreement signed) Diplomatic support / unilateral recognition Diplomatically condemned Informal Relations

Macronational recognition

Forunes recognizes all nations with de facto control over their territory.
This table portrays the de jure recognition of these nations' sovereignty.

Official full support for sovereignty Expressed unofficial support Partial support for sovereignty Condemned sovereignty Denied recognition of sovereignty

Administrative regions

Explain your nation's claim system, and the various types of constituencies your nation may have, for example, the difference between a district and a territory. It is preferred that you do not discuss each constituency in this section. Instead, the names of each constituency in the table should be linked to their own separate articles. You can add and remove columns as you wish, but generally, include fields for the flags (which should be kept small, at most 100px wide (less if more rows listed) and have a border), name, and important fields such as area, population, governor and/or representative (or equivalent position). You do not need to include a column for a seal, flag, or coat of arms for each constituency if it they do not have one.

Flag Arms/Seal/Emblem
(optional) 		Name Area Population Officials
{Constituencies}
Example District
Second Example District
{Second type of constituency}
Example Territory
Second Example Territory

Geography and climate

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Use this section to write about the terrain, climate, weather, and location of your micronation. A good template for listing annual temperature data is {{Weather box}}.

Economy

Insert fiscal information, such as the micronation's exports, imports, and industries. You can briefly discuss the micronation's currency but that should generally be kept in a separate article.

Culture

The culture of Forunes is identitcal to the neighbouring local culture of Trøndelag, more specifically so of both Innherad and Fosen.

Language

Most people of Forunes do not speak standard Norwegian but rather the Throndish dialect (Trønderské dialekta) known in English historically as Throndish or Trondish. Most Forunesians speak an mix of both the Fosna subdialect and Innherad subdialect with glossaries and verb conjucations often mixing into eachother, the Fosna subdialect part stems from migration. Most speakers of Throndish holds understandability of both the Danish language and Swedish language the former more so than the latter, though this is not necessarily mutual. According to polyglot and journalist Per Egil Hegge (who earned a cand.mag. in the Russian language From the University of Oslo in 1966.) [21] It is easier for those who speak the Throndish dialect to learn Russian and Chinese than for other Norwegians. This is partly due to the sharing of “pitch difference in monosyllabic words which both Throndish (more so than other Norwegian dialects), Chinese and Russian have. [22]

There is a abstract debate on when exactly Throndish evolved to become a separate dialect, though it is agreed upon that the first documented instance written in Throndish is from a local cadastre (c. 1200.) the cadastre holds now archaic spellings. Around year 1200, the thick l (retroflex flap) began to develop in the Trondish dialect, which can be found in the Throndish vulgar medieval documents, and still is and has been a important characteristic acting as a shibboleth in the Throndish dialect. During the medieval ages, it was common for Trønders to write in vernacular Throndish until the black death came.

During the Age of Enlightenment there grew a interest in the Throndish dialect which flourished even more during the national romanticism in Norway, local linguists such as the Høyem brothers began to document and make a writing language of common spoken Throndish, though the idea of a independent Throndish standard language quickly died out and became overan by Ivar Aasen's Nynorsk. In Forunes, Nynorsk has since 16 November 2023 been the offical writing language, which makes Forunes the last standing outpost of Nynorsk of a former Nynorsk majority in North Trøndelag, now overran by a Bokmål majority.

In the 20th and 21th century, there came a growth of a negative outlook on Trøndersk, often being called "ugly" or mocked upon, even on National TV. [23] The Throndisj dialect has in literature has often been affilated with either an aggressive, easily irritable man or as the town drunk. The Noble Literature Prize Winner in 1920, Knut Hamsun in his book Landstrykere,describes two Northern Norwegians being made fun of their dialect in Frosta, he adds a commentary on the Frosta subdialect of Trøndersk: "De hærmet etter han for hans Nordlandssprog - disse Ungdommer fra et Trøndelagen med Norges fæleste Dialekt: E d itj gruseli aa høyr!" [24] (English translation: "They mimicked after him for his North Norwegian language- These teenagers from Trøndelag with Norway's most awful dialect: Is it not terrible gruesome to hear!" - Knut Hamsun, 1927. [d]

Besides Norwegian, 9,5 percent of all Forunesians (two citizens) hold the Venetian language as their mother tongue, and one citizen who hold Italian as a tertriary language (with an noted Northern Italian accent.) Both of these languages have been given a minority language status in the Furuthing law.

Literature

Literature has throughout history persisted as a important cultural testiment in Trønder culture, mostly as a way to immortalize historical events and legends.

The earliest form of literature around Forunes (that is Trøndelag) are old poems, usually about war or for honouring their liege such as skalds from the 7th-9th century. These played an important role for later saga writers for a accurate depiciton, as these was the only literary contemporary sources available.


The earliest roots of written Throndish literature can be traced back to a cadastre belonging to St. John's Church (Jonskyrkja) (c. 1200) in Trondheim. The cadastre records the income and archaic place names spellings with datives in vernacular Throndish, for example:' Fallum Læirfallum and Kilastaðum. These spellings already from 1200 was clearly different from the "standard" old Norwegian which still used "ǫ" instead of "a" For example, it would have instead be: Fǫllum, Læirfǫllum and Kilastǫðum.

Around the same year 1200, the thick l (retroflex flap) began to develop in the Trondish dialect, the date can be proven by spellings in several vernacular Throndish documents from around 1200 [25], The "thick l" still is and has been a important characteristic acting as a shibboleth in the Throndish dialect. Another letter from 1301 notes allum mannum instead of standard "ǫllum mǫnnum." [26] Around the same time, the first dialetical words were written down by the Cathedral Chapter of Nidaros, such as: ofalsat (real) ospellat (unhurt) and olagliga (illegal.)[27] It is percieved that it was the same Cathedral Chapter of Nidaros was the one who began the development of vernacular Throndish from around the 11th century, if not older.


During the middle of the 13th century, the first literary works were written in Throndish vernacular appeared, and quickly became an renowned prose in Norwegian documents, at the end of the 13th century Nidaros became a center for both the Church and state in Norway. [28] The main centres of education happended in the many monasteries in Trøndelag (take for example the Tautra abbey nearby Forunes) and especially in the Trondheim Cathedral School. Nidaros could be classified then as the centre of literature in Norway back then.

(Insert information regarding the Legendary Saga of Saint Olaf, for example how it was originally written in Old Throndish and so forth etc.)

Old Throndish text Old West Norse text English translation[e]

Gvðbrandꝛ er maðꝛ næmðꝛ er kallaðꝛ var dala guð branðr. hann var rikaztr manna i ðalunum lþann tima. Þat er fact at guðlbrandꝛ atte fun æinn En pa er guðbrandr fra þessor tiðænði at Olafr konungr var komenn a loar oc nauðgaðe mænn til at hværfa aftr til knftni þæirrar er þæir hafðu niðꝛ kaftat.

Guðbrandr er maðr nefndr er kallaðr var Dala-Guðbrandr. Hann var ríkastr manna í Dolunum í þann tíma. Þat er sagt at Guðbrandr átti sun einn. En þá er Guðbrandr frá þessi tiðendi at Ólafr konungr var kominn á Lóar ok nauðgaði menn til at hverfa aptr til kristni þeirrar er þeir höfðu niðr kastat.

Gudbrand was the name on the man they called Dale-Gudbrand.He was the most powerful in the Gudbrand Valley. It is mentioned that Gudbrand had a son. Gudbrand obtained the news that King Olaf came to Lom and had forced peopleto revert to Christianity, which they had previously had turned away from.

According to the linguist Magnus Hægstad The Throndish writing standard had great influence over Norway for some decades (c. 1200-1349) This epoch has often been referred to as the "Old Throndish era."


Diplomatarium Norvegicum alone holds over 300 documents written in Old Throndish c.1200 to 1536). [30] Some well known medieval documents written in literary Throndish includesFrostating law (c. 1270), the hagiography Legendary Saga of St. Olaf (c. 1250) [31] Fagrskrinna (c. 1250-1300), Þiðreks saga, and copies of Magnus Lagabøtes landslov (c. 1325), kristenretten and the Old Norwegian Homily Book and the renowned philsophical speculum literary work Konungs skuggsjá and the 12th century king saga Ágrip af Nórwgskonungasögum.[32] [33]


The golden age of the Throndish literature reached its zenith during the early 13th century to 1349. Some of the most noted authors and the downfall of Throndish literature is the Black death after 1349 [34], according to Gottskalks annals The black plague migrated from Bergen to Nidaros and the surrondings. Around 60 to 65 percent of the population in Norway died, it was only untill the 17th century that the population began to properly recover. [35] According to a contemporary medieval letter, after 22 years of the first oubreak, there was only 40 priests alive of the former 300 priests in Trøndelag. [36] Literary Throndish was written with a large margin mostly by priests and monks, the Black Death can be almost entirely alone be blamed for the fall of literary medieval Throndish.


After the Black Death, there was a slow regaining of literature, of which did not return fully to its original pre-black death before the 17th century. The few remaining survivors who still mastered the writing, began to write in a more influenced sense - usually from surronding languages such as Danish, Swedish and German, and to a lesser degree, Latin, French and Dutch.

One important factor contributing to this influence from Swedish was the several propaganda books written by Swedish authors patronized by the Swedish King Karl Knutsson Bonde. These books was patronized in order to convince the local Thronders to vote for him as king, as all Thronders no matter class, could decide if a crown pretender was to be crowned or not. After his coronation in Nidaros Cathedral by Archbishop Aslak Bolt in 1449 [37] There was still hesitastion by the aristocrats, hence King Karl Knutsson Bonde needed to further convince the Throndish aristocracy that he had a legitimate claim on the throne of Norway, the only surviving example of such is the "Sanct Olaffs saga i Swenske Rim" a contemporary 15th century rhyme book about the life of Saint Olaf and other Norwegian kings on 2000 verses. [38] [39] This was used to link the Swedish monarchy and Sweden with Norway and Norwegians as a whole. It is considered a masterpiece of one of the Swedish propaganda devices, of which reached its purpose, during the Northern Seven Years' War (1563-1570) where several Norwegian nobles and commoners alike preferred a union with Sweden over Denmark [40] Despite being in a union with Denmark for over 30 years.

The oldest modern verison of the Throndish dialect is written from the late 17th century, linguist Hans Olufsen Nysted described the Trondheim subdialect c. 1680s with glossaries such as «kvær, alein, lætt, æit hjært, æit ste.» Most glossaries from the 1600s are still used today in Trondeim [41] and by Forunesians.

There are 41 texts written in the Throndish dialect from 1706 to 1856, most of these were in the start, poems for weddings, often with satirical elements describing both the bride and the groom but also could be poems dedicated to the king - prince and so on. The foundation of these poems was both rhytm and verb conjugations, which can be argued to rhyme easier in Throndish and so also gave the author more artistic freedom, as he did not have to follow strict grammatical rules. [42]


The other section,is made out of political commentaries, which became popularised soon after the release of the political book "Olaboka" which came out in 1830, the content of the book agues for more farmer representation in political life and for farmers to involve themselves more into politics. The author Johan Neergard wrote the book into several discussions between a farmer (Ola) and a city aristocrat, for the book to be more realistic, the lines of Ola were written in Throndish, while the city aristocrat's lines were written in Riksmål. This book started a quick rise in farmers writing in Throndish for their local newspapers arguing for their stance on different political issues, such as what Neergard adovcated for: The vote of other farmers as representation to Stortinget to avoid corruption be re-electing the same civil servants. This outset of writing in dialect would symphatize many rural Thronders to Nynorsk instead of Bokmål, as the former was based on dialects of all Norway, including rural and not alone on the cities - which is what the "Olaboka-movement" was built upon.

Latin and Greek tradition

There is a great deal of Throndish literature written in Latin, the major academical language of the Medieval ages. Several major works was writen by Trønders in Medieval Latin, includes: Historia Norwegia, Passio Olavi a collection of legends about Saint Olaf, written by Archbishop Eystein Erlendsson , the most famous Throndish author who wrote in Latin was Theodoricus Monachus (c. 1180) he wrote the Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium a saga about the Norwegian kings from Harald Fairhair to Sigurd Jorsalfare, in his saga Theodoricus famously abstained from writing out the recent events in the Norwegian Civil War, in his reasoning, Theodoric explained:

utterly unfitting to record for posterity the crimes, killings, perjuries, parricides, desecrations of holy places, the contempt for God, the plundering no less of the clergy than of the whole people, the abductions of women and other abominations which it would take long to enumerate

— Theodoricus Monachus, 'Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium', Chapter XXXIV, p.84 [43] [44]

"utterly unfitting to record for posterity the crimes, killings, perjuries, parricides, desecrations of holy places, the contempt for God, the plundering no less of the clergy than of the whole people, the abductions of women and other abominations which it would take long to enumerate." [45]

In the Norwegian king saga Theodoricus would write the narrative follow the same setting of the Norwegian kings as the ancient authors did to the Roman emperors, this marks a clear influence from continental Europe already in the early stage of the Throndish literature. The saga also shows influence from Paul the Deacon's magnum opus "History of the Lombards". Theodoricus and other Throndish authors often cited Roman authors such as Ovid, Lucan, Sallust and Virgil and Seneca in their books.

The first Renaissance books came around the reign of Archbishop Henrik Kalteisen (1452-1458) who possibly bought Humanist books and latin grammar books, such as Cornucopiae (printed first in 1489) created by the Italian renaissance humanist and grammarian Niccolò Perotti (1429-1480) Other renaissance and or philsophical works present in former renaissance Trondheim library includes works by the neo-platonist philsopher Marsilio Ficino works such as Adagia by Erasmus of Rotterdam, and copies of classical works of ancient authors such as Taticus, Virgil and the historical monograph Bellum Jugurthinum by Sallust. [46] Two surviving latin manuscripts regarding Trøndelag is the Brevarium Nidrosiensie and Missale Nidrosiense both printed in 1519, the latter was a missal book containting texts necessary for the mass, some of these texts are believed to have a origin from the 11th century.

Missale Nidrosiense from 1519, one of the two first ever Norwegian printed documents, it is a collection of medieval liturgical verses within Trøndelag, edited by Deacon Olav Engelbrektsson and Cantor Peter Sigurdsson in Nidaros in Medieval Latin. [47] Both of them stands as a magnum opus for Trøndersk literature.


According to Peder Claussøn Friis's writings in the book "Norriges Bescriffuelse" (Description of Norway) In 1537, the Danish King Christian III's soldiers under the command of a certain Otto Stigsøn burned documents, letters and books in a book burning infront of the Nidaros Cathedral. [48] With it, hundreds of Latin and Greek documents from both the renaissance and earlier were burned. Even with the removal of Catholicism, the change of the language of the Bible from Latin to Danish and so with also the church language, Latin, Koine Greek and Hebrew was still praticed and learned at the Trondheim Cathedral School.

In 1564, 27 years after the en-masse book burning, the French commander Claude Collart who was in service of the Swedish king occupied Trøndelag with his 3,500 strong army. Whilst being garrisioned in Trondheim with tyranny, he urged the Archdiacon Sigvard Sigurdsson to hold two public lectures for the youth for both ancient Greek and Hebrew at the Trondheim Cathedral School [49] [50] The strict Swedish lutheran Petrus Jonæ Helsingus [sv]learned both Ancient Greek and Hebrew in the Cathedral School (1559-1660).[51] [52] Inside Trondheim Cathedral School, Latin was still kept as the most important course and students at several occasions was only allowed to speak Latin, at all times. The Cathedral School was at many times referred to as the "Latin school."

Trondheim Cathedral School (Norwegian:Trondheim Katedralskule) (Latin:Schola Cathedralis Nidrosiensis) has a documenated origin from 1152, and was vital for education and the spreading of the renaissance, age of Enlightment and so forth. Latin still is a course possible at the Cathedral School, though this is now optional. Several Forunesians has either been a student or still is at the Trondheim Cathedral School, alongside legendary heroes praised in Throndish
(Forunesian)
folklore such as the naval sea officer hailing from Trondheim, Tordenskjold (1690-1720) the local poet and politican Johan Nordahl Brun (1745-1816) The Francophile pretentious politican and judge Johan Randulf Bull (1749-1829) Acclaimed for being the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway (Norwegian: Høgsterettsjustitiarius) also known for his incredible strong skull, referenced in a poem by Johan Herman Wessel.

Traditional music

It is percieved that the ancient skalds are testimonies to first written down "lyrics." from around the Viking Age.

Before the Battle of Strindfjord in 1199, King Sverre with his flagship, communicated to other ships for a meeting, this was done with blowing lurs. [53] The usage of lur-blowing as signals is common in the sagas. In Nidaros, the calling to city council meeting was with horns. Snorre Sturlason mentions the usage of string instruments in the Yngling saga, but this was more likely during his time (c.1200) The local medieval germanic law insitution Frostathing made it illegal to create and use Nid poems (can be compared with chansons) These short poems, which was created to make mock someone, are percieved to have been sung. Snorre Sturlason also tells about medieval singing used during work.

The best preserved songs are liturgical used in masses across Trøndelag, usually of gregorian tradition. Examples include Lux illuxit believed to be composed in the second half 12th century, possibly in Trondheim, another example is Sionhymne composed in Trondheim around 1190 and is complete distinct from others. [54] The most known liturgy songs composed by Thronders or in Trøndelag is the 36 songs with melodies, all referencing an event which happended in 12 september, 1165. An holy relic of, including an supposed drop of Jesus Christ's blood was kept in the Archbishop Eystein Erlendsson used during liturgy on 12 september, the feast is still called Fingergullsmessen (litr:Finger gold mass) (Medieval Latin:Susceptio sanguinis Domini/De Suspectione Sanguinis Christi). The festival mass was the third most important feast in Nidaros, third to both Olsok and Christmas [55] As per 2005, over 5000 pergament parts with musical notes from the Trøndelag region exists, though some are still not registered nor properly researched. [56] [57]

WRITE HERE about the Missale Nidrosiensis (insert the pic you have too) and attempt to write chronologically "modern" (lmao) music, possibly from Missale Nidrosiensis to 1600s-1700s c.

Superstitions

Superstitions (Norwegian: overtru) still persists in Forunes. Examples of these superstitions includes that mentioning animals by their name scares them away. Superstitions on the most part is about weather lore, for example the weather on 29 september was to be the same as on First of September. Other superstitions includes warnings either about oneself or what was to happend to animals, if so from monsters (mostly from the sea) or physological. An example of an local superstition on the sea is the belief to not say 'takk' (thank you) but rather 'som ein mann' (as a mann) this has to do with the belief that if one was to say thank you, it would bring bad luck upon the ship and crew, as you would go against ancient norms. [58]

Primstav or "runic calendar"

An famous example of days on the runic calendar with much activity is St Michael's day (29th September.) The superstitions surronding includes:Never let animals stay outside during the night of St Michael's mass or after, if one were to have an animal alone outside by the coast, then urnauta ("mythological sea-oxes") would take them. If oneself was unfortunate to not be inside during the night of St Michael's day, then one would "Would see all madness which was going to happend the forthcoming year." [59] [60] if there was wind from the west during the night of Mikjelsmessa (St Michael's day, 29 september.) then "sea-oxes" would eat up the animals' food and the animals themselves. [61] If wind came from south during St Michael's day, then it was believed that mermaids (havfrua) would come up on land. [62] If the wind came from the north or the north-west, then mermaids would visit with their horses [63] [64] Another "superstition" is from the Mass of Saint Egidius, it was said that "If the mill was to grumble due to the lack of water, it will be a dry autumn." This is related due to the fact that St. Egidius was also the saint against dryness. [65]

Awaiting two books which I ordered about superstition from this region, both in English.)

Traditional items

Rorhau

Rorhau also called Rorhovud lit. rowing head) is a raditional ornated handmade head placed upon an roar for both decorative and folklore reasons. It was believed that the rorhau would scare away local sea monsters such as the kraken, draugr. It was also believed that it could guide the ship to a safe harbour if it was left unmanagable or if the sailors was to became sick. [66] It also worked as a counterweight for when the roar/s could be buoyancying.

The origin of the rohau derives from the viking figureheads Old Norse contemporary sources refer to it as "styrisknappr" [67] Already from the early 11th century the common viking dragonheads began to be switched out with a manhead. During the Northern Renaissance and the Baroque period both respectively brought there came influence from other cultures, especially England, France and Holland. During the Age of Enlighentment, it was not unheard of also using roman or norse gods as the rowing head, especially the roman god Mercury for being the god of travelling,success, commerce and finanical gain. The rohau became more distinct diverged from the viking origin though kept the original stance, the diverging started already from the 1500s-1600s. [68] [69] This would mean that when the fishermen who arrived from the Lofotfiske came to the city to sell their fish, they would most likely spend some cash in order buy a new rowing head or repair the old one.

The Rorhau would usually be a depiction of the Captain. [70] but far from necessarily as this would vary not only on the region and local customs but also on the ship itself, one rorhau is supposedly depicting Napoleon with his renowned bicorne hat [71] while another potraying the roman god Mercury and one presumed to be depicting Hercules [72] Those rowing heads that was not already potraying someone was personifized, as for example naming them and writing poems of them. There exists three surviving poems regarding rowing heads in Norway. One of which states; 

"Nilosima from Nordfjord, that is my name
God lead me safely from harbour to harbour!

According to the local historian in Nordfjord, Jacob Aaland The obnoxius name "Nilosima" is a combined name of the first letters of the four shipowners wives; Nille, Olina, Simianna and Maria. [73]

These contrasting rowing heads would usually be bought at different city markets such as in the two rivaling cities Trondheim and Bergen fighting over the fishing rights over Lofoten. The master carpenter Simon Corneliussen Meyer in Bergen 1791-1792 advertises his rowing heads to the fishermen writing that he has many different sizes and shapes to both small and big ships. [74]


Insert information about the micronation's holidays, customs, education, spoken languages, arts, the press, and television here.

Holidays

The Judicate follows the primstav calendar the day of observances marked on the calendar is not necessarily a holiday some of which may be in definition of a "half-holiday." The following table holds the local Trøndersk primstav calendar and extended holidays based upon Forunesian culture and identity.

Date English name Local name Type Remarks
1 January New Year's Fyrste nyttårsdag Secular  
6 January Epiphany  Heilage trekongersdag Religious
Moveable Maundy Thursday  Skjærtorsdag/Skirtorsdag Religious  Thursday ahead Easter Sunday
Moveable Good friday Langfredag Religious  Friday ahead of Easter Sunday
Moveable Easter Sunday  Fyrste påskedag Religious
Moveable Easter Monday  Andre påskedag Religious

See also

Related pages, in a bulleted list. DO NOT include links to categories, articles of allied nations, or pages already linked in the article.

Notes

  1. ↑ The Furuting adopted Nynorsk as the official written language on 16 November 2023 after all Lagrettemenn of the Furuting voted in favour of it. This had a side-effect of giving the minority language Italian higher status than Bokmål.
  2. ↑ The tribe in question is believed to be the one later becoming the Trønders, and the Trønders referred to in the Widsith
  3. ↑ The famous sentence "With law shall our land be built" extracted from Frostathing law to Furuting law has its origins from Roman law "Civitas fundaretur legibus" ("Society shall be built with laws") by the Roman jurist Sextus Pomponius circa 150 A.D. and mentioned later in the Roman digests from circa 530 A.D [19] [20]
  4. ↑ It is important to know that this is a rough translation, when translated to English it loses the whole message in the last part: " E d itj gruseli aa høyr!" In this part, Hamsun mocks the Frostan subdialect of Trøndersk by writing it in Trøndersk on how "awful it is to listen to it (Trøndersk).
  5. ↑ This is a English translation of the Nynorsk translation by [29] The translator also attempted to look into both the original version in vernacular Throndish and Standard Old Norwegian so the translation wouldn't lose her originally message nor detail. As of 25 August 2024 there is digital English translation available of "w:The_Legendary_Saga_of_St._Olaf hence an improvement had to be made.

References

  1. ↑ [1]Jørgensen, Jon. (1987) Copy of Archbishop Aslak Bolt's cadastre in Modern Norwegian. Nasjonalbibloteket.
  2. ↑ [2] Jørgensen, Jon. (1987) Copy of Archbishop Aslak Bolt's cadastre in Modern Norwegian. Nasjonalbibloteket.
  3. ↑ [3] Melchior, Ramus. Map of, Præfectura Nidrosiensis Vulgo Trundheims Amt. (1692)
  4. ↑ [4] Unknown cartographer. Map of, over Distrikerne omkring Trondheimsfjorden. (1700)
  5. ↑ [5] Aagard, Frederik, Ulrik. Map of, Nordre Trondhjems amt nr 3. Størdahls Fougderie. (1704)
  6. ↑ [6] Unknown cartographer. Map of, over Trondheimsfjorden og Beitstadfjorden. (1800)
  7. ↑ [7] Unknown cartographer. Map of, Norde Trondhjems amt 64: Kart til Felttjenesteøvelserne. (1890)
  8. ↑ [8] Unknown cartographer. Map of, 5928 Levanger. (1940)
  9. ↑ Alsaker, Kinn. Sigmund “Trøndelags Historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350” p. 38 (2005) (In Norwegian)
  10. ↑ Frosta historielag, Frostastien "Brattvika and Gravrøys" PO, 2019.
  11. ↑ Sognness, Kalle: “Trøndelags Historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350” chapter "EUROPAS NORDLIGSTE BRONSEALDERPROVINS" p. 96 (2005) (In Norwegian)
  12. ↑ [9] Heber, Gustav; "Nordmennenes historie" p 73. (In Norwegian).
  13. ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20071008153025/http://ntvgsinternett.adcomdata.no/Arkiv/Dokumenter/NTFK/Kultur/Faanestangen.ppt (in Norwegian)
  14. ↑ https://www.adressa.no/kultur/i/pWWdVR/vikinghavn-funnet-paa-frosta (in Norwegian)
  15. ↑ Skevik, Olav: "Trøndelags historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350" chapter "Kultur i kontakt med Europa" p. 332 (in Norwegian) (2005) Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN 82-519-2000-0
  16. ↑ [10] Ohlen, Peder. Vikinghavna på Fånestangen. (2022) (In Norwegian)
  17. ↑ Askheim, Svein: norsk bergindustrihistorie at Store norske leksikon on snl.no. Received 19. july 2024 from https://snl.no/norsk_bergindustrihistorie
  18. ↑ [11] Lund, Erik. «Suksessrik forvaltning av rådyr– er det mulig?» - Hjorteviltportalen. 24 October 2015 (in Norwegian)
  19. ↑ Frostatingslova, Norrøne bokverk, oversatt: J.R. Hagland og J. Sandnes, Samlaget, Oslo 1994, p. 13-15. (In Norwegian)
  20. ↑ Samlaget "Frå gamal og ny rett" [12] 13-14 (1950) (In Norwegian
  21. ↑ Bonde, Arne; Norsk biografisk leksikon; Garvik, Olav: Per Egil Hegge on Store norske leksikon at snl.no. Received 16. july 2024 fra [13] (In Norwegian)
  22. ↑ [14] Hegge, E. Per "Språkeksperten ble mobba da han la om dialekten" (2012) (in Norwegian)
  23. ↑ [15] NTB "Trønderdialekt brukes for å vise raringer på TV" Received 14 july 2024
  24. ↑ [16] Tapir akademisk fori: "Trøndersk språkhistorie" p. 13 (2008) (in Norwegian)
  25. ↑ Skevik, Olav: "Trøndelags historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350" chapter "Kultur i kontakt med Europa" p. 366 (in Norwegian) (2005) Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN 82-519-2000-0
  26. ↑ Diplomatarium Norvegicum II, Number 63, including notes (in Norwegian)
  27. ↑ Skevik, Olav: "Trøndelags historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350" chapter "Kultur i kontakt med Europa" p. 366 (in Norwegian) (2005) Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN 82-519-2000-0
  28. ↑ https://www.nb.no/items/8108386f25c8e2367e0c06dc5a7cf44b?page=49 Torp, Arne, Berit Helene Dahl, Ingard Lundeby "Språklinjer, Språkhistorie for den videregående skolen." p 49 (in Norwegian) (1991)
  29. ↑ Flokenes, Kåre:"Den legendariske Olavssaga" Erling Skjalgssonselskapet, Hafrsfjord. (in Norwegian) (2000) p. 37 [17]ISBN 8291640106
  30. ↑ Hægstad, Marius (1899) "Gamalt trøndermaal" [18] p 21-22 (in Norwegian)
  31. ↑ [19] Haavardsholm, Jørgen: "Ny viten om Olav den hellige" (2004) (In Norwegian)
  32. ↑ Skevik, Olav: "Trøndelags historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350" chapter "Kultur i kontakt med Europa" p. 364 (in Norwegian) (2005) Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN 82-519-2000-0
  33. ↑ Store norske leksikon (2005-2007); Nordbø, Børge: Ågrip on Store norske leksikon at snl.no. Received 16 july 2024 from [20] (in Norwegian)
  34. ↑ Skevik, Olav: "Trøndelags historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350" chapter "Kultur i kontakt med Europa" p. 366 (in Norwegian) (2005) Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN 82-519-2000-0
  35. ↑ Harrison, Dick, Stora döden: den värsta katastrof som drabbat Europa, Ordfront, Stockholm, 2000 ISBN 91-7324-752-9
  36. ↑ Dipl. Norv. V. 268.
  37. ↑ Opsahl, Erik; Norsk biografisk leksikon; Mardal, Magnus A.; Petersen, Leif Inge Ree: Karl 1. Knutsson Bonde at Store norske leksikon on snl.no. Received 16 july 2024 from [21]
  38. ↑ [22] Moan, M. Per; "– Den særeste bokutgivelsen på veldig, veldig lenge" Received 10th july 2024 (in Norwegian)
  39. ↑ [23] Received 10th july 2024(In Norwegian)
  40. ↑ Mardal, Magnus A.; Opsahl, Erik; Olsen, Per Erik: Den nordiske sjuårskrigen on Store norske leksikon at snl.no. Received 24. august 2024 from https://snl.no/Den_nordiske_sju%C3%A5rskrigen
  41. ↑ [24]Dahlen, Arnold: « HANS OLUFSEN NYSTEDS LEKSIKALSKE MANUSKRIPT Norske innslag i ordsamlingar frå om lag 1700» Det Kongelege Norske Vitskapsselskap p. 6 (in Norwegian)
  42. ↑ Dalen, Arnold and Hagland, Ragnar. Jon:"I det meest upolerede Bondesprog - Tekster på trødermål 1706-1856" p.1-15 (1985) (in Norwegian)
  43. ↑ [25] Norwegian translation of Historia de Antiquitate Regum Norwagiensium and Historia de profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam (1969) (in Norwegian) (ISBN 8203033881)
  44. ↑ Karlsen, Espen: Theodoricus monachus on Store norske leksikon at snl.no. Received 24. june 2024 from [26] (in Norwegian)
  45. ↑ Karlsen, Espen: Theodoricus monachus on Store norske leksikon at snl.no. Received 24. june 2024 from [27] (in Norwegian)
  46. ↑ [28] Bene, Nota: "Reformasjons-tidens religiøse bokkultur cirka 1400-1700" p. 118-120 (2018) (in Norwegian)
  47. ↑ [29] Karlsen, Espen: Missale Nidrosiense at Store norske leksikon om snl.no. Received 14th of june 2024 from https://snl.no/Missale_Nidrosiense
  48. ↑ Peder Claussøn Friis "Norges beskrivelse" p 350-351. (in Dano-Norwegian) (1614) (It is believed Friis heard about this book burning from Jon Simonssøn, a first witness to this event in Trondheim.
  49. ↑ [30] The National Archives of Sweden "Claude Collart (Colardh)" (in Swedish)
  50. ↑ Wallem, Fredrik B.. Steinvikholm. published by F. Bruns boghandels forlag. Trondhjem. 1917 pp. 94 [31]
  51. ↑ Kolsrud, Oluf. 1952. Messuskýringar. Liturgisk symbolik frå den norsk-islandske kyrkja i millomalderen. Oslo: Jacob Dybwad. p. 82 (In Norwegian)
  52. ↑ Nicolaysen, N. (1858) Norske magasin. Skrifter og optegnelser angaaende Norge og forfattede efter refomationen. Første bind. Christiania: Johan Dahls Forlagshandel p. 175 (in Norwegian)
  53. ↑ Sverre's saga chapter 158
  54. ↑ Adressavisa, saturday 7th of february, 2004 pp. 24
  55. ↑ [32] Roman Catholic Church in Norway's offical website "Fingergullsmesse" recieved on 3rd of September, 2024.
  56. ↑ Skevik, Olav: "Trøndelags historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350" chapter "Kultur i kontakt med Europa" p. 367 (in Norwegian) (2005) Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN 82-519-2000-0
  57. ↑ Ledang 1998; Attinger and Haug 2004
  58. ↑ Klausen, D. H. (2015, October 5). Dette er nordmenn overtroiske for. NRK. https://www.nrk.no/tromsogfinnmark/dette-er-nordmenn-overtroiske-for-1.11357092 (in Norwegian)
  59. ↑ Dybdahl, Audun: mikkelsmesse at Store norske leksikon no snl.no. (in Norwegian) Received 4. september 2024 from https://snl.no/mikkelsmesse
  60. ↑ Professor Dybdahl, Audun NTNU "Mikkelsmesse, merkedag med tradisjoner" Adressa [33] Received 4th of September, 2024 (in Norwegian)
  61. ↑ Skevik, Olav: "Trøndelags historie - Landskapet blir landsdel, fram til 1350" chapter "Kultur i kontakt med Europa" p. 369 (in Norwegian) (2005) Tapir Akademisk Forlag, Trondheim. ISBN 82-519-2000-0
  62. ↑ Siri Kalvig og Toril Torlei i VG 28.09.1997
  63. ↑ Anja, https://hassumbudeia.blogspot.com/2016/09/ visited on 4th of September, 2024 (in Norwegian)
  64. ↑ Professor Dybdahl, Audun NTNU "Mikkelsmesse, merkedag med tradisjoner" Adressa [34] Received 4th of September, 2024 (in Norwegian)
  65. ↑ Dybdahl, Audun: egidiusmesse at Store norske leksikon on snl.no. Received 4. september 2024 from [35] (in Norwegian)
  66. ↑ [36] "Kirkeutstillingen" University of Tromsø museum, received 26 june 2024.
  67. ↑ Falk, Hjalmar "Altnordische Seewesen. Wörter und Sachen, IV." p. 75 Heidelberg. (1912) (in German)
  68. ↑ [37] p. 378, Lexon, J. Hendrich "Kunst kultor og historie" Published by Stavanger museum. (1988) (in Norwegian)
  69. ↑ [38] Nordahl, Marianne "Forskerens favoritt: Gammel skipskunst under lupen." Received 26 june 2024 (in Norwegian) (2011)
  70. ↑ [39] "Rorhode" (in Norwegian)
  71. ↑ Scheel, Frederik "Kysfarten før dambskibene. Den norske sjøfarts historie II" p. 146 (in Norwegian) (1935)
  72. ↑ [40] p. 374, Lexon, J. Hendrich "Kunst kultor og historie" Published by Stavanger museum. (1988) (in Norwegian)
  73. ↑ Aaland, Jacob "Um Nordfjord-jekti og jektetrafikken." p. 134 (in Norwegian) Norsk Aarbok 1926.
  74. ↑ Bergens Adressecontoirs Efterrretninger 1791 11/6, 3/9, 17/9 og 1792 11/8, 18/8.

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