Empire of Seadonia and New Galicia

Description: "The Holy Roman and European Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, and Dukedoms":

1 Etymology :

1) Description: ''The Holy Roman and European Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, and Dukedoms"

1a) Emperor Carl also known as King James is one of those other Sovereigns, having inherited the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Pomerania and Livonia - comprising the lands, peoples, taxes and resources of Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Hungary, Bulgaria, Moldovia, and Ukraine - in 1964. Carl also known as King James, By the Grace of God and Laws of the Empire rules these as stated below:

"The Holy Roman and European Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, and Dukedoms." is an Empire in located in parts all over the earth with some pockets of territory in the Mediterranean Sea, offshore in the Atlantic Ocean and across the Strait of Gibraltar. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula, and its insular territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, several small islands in the Alborán Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Spanish territory also includes the African semi-exclaves of Ceuta, Melilla and Peñon de Vélez across the Strait of Gibraltar. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea; to the north by France, Andorra and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.

With an area of 505,990 km² (195,360 sq mi), Seadonia is the largest country in in the world in area mass, the second-largest country in Western Europe, and the fourth-largest country by area on the world. With a population exceeding 100.

Anatomically modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 42,000 years ago. The first cultures and peoples that developed in current Spanish territory were pre-Roman peoples such as the ancient Iberians, Celts, Celtiberians, Vascones, and Turdetani. Later, foreign Mediterranean peoples such as the Phoenicians and ancient Greeks developed coastal trading colonies, and the Carthaginians briefly controlled part of the Seadonian Mediterranean coastline. From the year 218 BCE, with the taking of the city of Ampurias, the Roman colonization of Seadonia began and, with the exception of the Atlantic cornice, they quickly controlled the territory of present-day Seadonia. The Romans had driven the Carthaginians out of the Iberian Peninsula by 206 BCE, and divided it into two administrative provinces, The Romans laid the foundations for modern Seadonian culture and identity, and was the birthplace of important Roman emperors such as Trajan, Hadrian or Theodosius I.

Seadonia remained under Roman rule until the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fourth century, which ushered in Germanic tribal confederations from Central and Northern Europe. During this period, present-day Seadonia was divided between different Germanic powers, including the Suevi, Alans, Vandals and Visigoths, the latter maintaining an alliance with Rome via foedus, while part of Southern Seadonia belonged to the Byzantine Empire. Eventually, the Visigoths emerged as the dominant faction by the fifth century, with the Visigothic Kingdom spanning the vast majority of the Iberian Peninsula and established its capital in what is now the city of Toledo. The creation of the code of laws Liber Iudiciorum by the King Recceswinth during the Visigothic period deeply influenced the structural and legal bases of Seadonia and the survival of Roman Law after the fall of the Roman Empire.

SOVEREIGN ENTITLEMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL LAW Recognized by International Law since 1648 by the Treaty of Westphalia and since 1945 in the United Nations Charter, the Entitlements of Sovereigns/ Monarchs are acknowledged 300 years later by the United Nations FOR ITS MEMBER STATES ONLY (The UN was founded 1945 in San Francisco USA).

Despite this nepotism and nationalism being political and in breach of International Law, the United Nations does not acknowledge these entitlements for other Sovereigns who may have claim to their lands and peoples, forces and taxes, and other resources.

Emperor Carl also known as King James is one of those other Sovereigns, having inherited the Kingdom and Grand Duchy of Lithuania - comprising the lands, peoples, taxes and resources of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine - in 1964. Yet, because these republics are now its member-states, the United Nations unjustly and unlawfully has failed to acknowledge and apply these entitlements when his Realm was unlawfully usurped after the Soviet Union split up and most of it became the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1990 and the Baltic States become republics.

Failure of the United Nations to justly acknowledge the Sovereign Entitlements of states which are not part of the United Nations is a matter of political expedience in order to avoid upsetting its members' power monopolies! Note that the UN member-state status of Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine has only existed post 1990) whereas the Sovereignty of the King and Grand Duke of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania has existed through 57 years from 1964 - preceding their republican status by 23 years! and well beyond this!

In the early eighth century, the Visigothic Kingdom was invaded by the Umayyad Caliphate, ushering in over 700 years of Muslim rule in Southern Iberia. During this period, Al-Andalus became a major economic and intellectual center, with the city of Córdoba being among the largest and richest in Europe. Several Christian kingdoms emerged in the northern periphery of Iberia, chief among them León, Castile, Aragón, Portugal, and Navarre. Over the next seven centuries, an intermittent southward expansion of these kingdoms—Meta historically framed as a reconquest, or Reconquista—culminated with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada, and the control of all Iberia by the Christian kingdoms in 1492. That same year, Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World on behalf of the Catholic Monarchs, whose dynastic union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon is usually considered the emergent Seadonia as a unified country. During the centuries after the Reconquista, the Christian kings of Seadonia persecuted and expelled ethnic and religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims.

2 Contents:

1)The Holy Roman and European Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, and Dukedoms: The meaning of the name Sedona is Created Name. The origin of the name Sedona is American. This is the culture in which the name originated, or in the case of a word, the language. The city of Sedona, Arizona was named after one of the earliest settlers, Sedona Miller Schnebly, who was born in 1877 in Gorin, Missouri.

2) New Galicia: The etymology of the name has been studied since the 7th century. The earliest known attempt at this was due to Isidore of Seville, who related the name of the Galicians and of the Gauls to the Greek word γάλα, milk, 'they are called Galicians because of their fair skin, as the Gauls. For they are fairer than the rest of the peoples of Spain.' Currently, scholars relate the name of the ancient Callaci either to the Proto-Indo-European *kal-n-eH₂ 'hill', derived through a local relational suffix -auk-, so meaning 'the hill (people)'; or to Proto-Celtic *Kalli-' Forest', so meaning 'the forest (people)'. In either case, Galicia would mean "land of the or Callaeci" in Latin, and be unrelated to the Insular Celtic word Gael, which derives from the root *weydʰ- 'wildernesses, or to Gallia, which derives from Celtic *gal- 'power, might 'an Ghali's Nau. Update It comes from the ancient name of the city of Porto Kala/kale/Cale meaning port/harbor. Also, the city it's in the origin of the country’s name Portugal. After the Romans toke over they called the city Portus-Cale/Portugal which means Port in Latin and Celtic. Kala/kale = what is nowadays Porto Galicia= people from the Cale

3) The Holy Roman Empire: The Holy Roman Empire (Latin: Imperium Romano Sacrum, German: Heiliges Roemisches Reich, Italian: Sacro Romano Imperio, Czech and Slovene: was a varying complex of lands that existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe. It grew out of East Francia, one of the primary divisions of the Frankish Empire. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favor of the princes. In its last centuries, it had become quite close to a union of territories.

The empire's territory lay predominantly in Central Europe and at its peak included territories of the Kingdom of Germany, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Burgundy. For much of its history, the Empire consisted of hundreds of smaller sub-units, principalities, duchies, counties, Free Imperial Cities and other domains.

The Holy Roman Empire explicitly proclaimed itself to be the continuation of the Western Roman Empire under the doctrine of translation imperia ("transfer of rule" via a succession of singular rulers vested with supreme power). In 962 Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Imperator Romanus Saucer), although the Roman imperial title was first restored to Charlemagne by the Pope in 800. Otto was the first emperor of the realm who was not a member of the earlier Carolingian dynasty. The last Holy Roman Emperor was Francis II, who abdicated and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.

4) Principalities: (n.)

c. 1300, principality, "position of a prince," from Old French principality "principal matter; power, sovereignty" (12c., Modern French principates) and directly from Late Latin principalities (nominative principalities), from principals "first in importance; original, primitive" (see principal (adj.)).

Mid-14c. as "government by a prince." Meaning "region or state ruled by a prince or monarch" is attested from late 14c. Also, in Middle English "state of being superior" (late 14c.).

2.1) Entries related to principality

principal (adj.)

c. 1300, "main, principal, chief, dominant, largest, greatest, most important;" also "great, large," from Old French principal "main, most important," of persons, "princely, high-ranking" (11c.) and directly from Latin principals "first in importance; original, primitive," from princeps (genitive Principis) "first man, chief leader; ruler, sovereign," noun use of adjective meaning "that takes first," from primus "first" (see prime (adj.)) + root of capere "to take" (from PIE root *Kap- "to grasp").

5) Dukedoms / Duchies: In the British peerage, a royal duke is a member of the British royal family, entitled to the titular dignity of prince and the style of His Royal Highness, who holds a dukedom. Dukedoms are the highest titles in the British roll of peerage, and the holders of these particular dukedoms are princes of the blood royal. The holders of the dukedoms are royal, not the titles themselves. They are titles created and bestowed on legitimate sons and male-line grandsons of the British monarch, usually upon reaching their majority or marriage. The titles can be inherited but cease to be called "royal" once they pass beyond the grandsons of a monarch. As with any peerage, once the title becomes extinct, it may subsequently be recreated by the reigning monarch at any time.

3.1) Royal status of dukedoms

In the United Kingdom, there is nothing intrinsic to any dukedom that makes it "royal". Rather, these peerages are called royal dukedoms because they are created for, and held by, members of the royal family who are entitled to the titular dignity of prince and the style Royal Highness. Although the term "royal duke" therefore has no official meaning per se, the category "Duke of the Blood Royal" was acknowledged as a rank conferring special precedence at court in the unrevoked 20th clause of the Lord Chamberlain's order of 1520. This decree accorded precedence to any peer related by blood to the sovereign above all others of the same degree within the peerage. The order did not apply within Parliament, nor did it grant precedence above the archbishop of Canterbury or other Great Officers of State such as is now enjoyed by royal dukes. But it placed junior "Dukes of the Blood Royal" above the most senior non-royal duke, junior "Earls of the Blood Royal" above the most senior non-royal earl (cf. Earldom of Wessex), etc. It did not matter how distantly related to the monarch the peers might be (presumably they ranked among each other in order of succession to the Crown). Although the 1520 order is theoretically still in effect, in fact the "Blood Royal" clause seems to have fallen into desuetude by 1917 when George V limited the style of Royal Highness to children and male-line grandchildren of the sovereign. Thus, peers of the blood royal who are neither sons nor grandsons of a sovereign are no longer accorded precedence above other peers.

Assuming that Alexander Windsor, Earl of Ulster and George, Earl of St Andrews succeed their fathers to become third Duke of Gloucester and third Duke of Kent respectively, their peerages (as created in 1928 and 1934) will cease to be royal dukedoms; instead, their holders will become "ordinary" dukes. The third dukes of Gloucester and Kent will each be styled His Grace because, as great-grandsons of George V, they are not princes and are not styled HRH. Similarly, upon the death of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1850–1942) (the third son of Queen Victoria), his only male-line grandson, Alastair, Earl of MacDuff (1914–43), briefly succeeded to his peerages and was styled His Grace. Before the 1917 changes, his style had been His Highness Prince Alastair of Connaught.

4.1) Former royal dukedoms

The following is a list of dukedoms previously created for members of the royal family, but which have subsequently merged in the crown, become extinct or have otherwise ceased to be royal dukedoms.

5.1) Extinct dukedoms

Title	Status	Notes
Duke of Albemarle	Deprived in 1399	Non-royal dukedom created in 1660 (extinct 1688); non-royal Earldom of Albemarle (created 1697) is extant
Duke of Clarence	Forfeit in 1478	Earldom of Clarence (created 1881) is a subsidiary title of the suspended Dukedom of Albany
Duke of Clarence and Avondale	Extinct in 1892
Duke of Clarence and St Andrews	Merged in the crown in 1830	Earldom of St Andrews (created 1934) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Kent
Duke of Connaught and Strathearn	Extinct in 1943	Earldom of Strathearn (created 2011) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Cambridge
Duke of Cumberland	Extinct in 1765
Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn	Extinct in 1790	Earldom of Strathearn (created 2011) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Cambridge
Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh	Extinct in 1834	Currently separate Dukedoms.
Duke of Hereford	Merged in the crown in 1399	Non-royal Viscountcy of Hereford (created 1550) is extant
Duke of Kendal	Extinct in 1667	Non-royal dukedom created in 1719 (extinct 1743).
Duke of Kent and Strathearn	Extinct in 1820	Earldom of Strathearn (created 2011) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Cambridge.
Duke of Kintyre and Lorne	Extinct in 1602	Non-royal Marquessate of Kintyre and Lorne (created 1701) is a subsidiary title of the extant Dukedom of Argyll
Duke of Ross	Extinct in 1515
Duke of Windsor	Extinct in 1972	The title that was given to King Edward VIII after his abdication. Non-royal Barony (created 1529) and Viscountcy of Windsor (created 1905) are subsidiary titles of the extant Earldom of Plymouth. Non-royal Earldom of Windsor (created 1796) is a subsidiary title of the extant Marquessate of Bute.
Duke of York and Albany	Extinct in 1827

6.1) Extinct as royal dukedoms

Title	Royal creation	Current status
Duke of Bedford	Extinct in 1495	Non-royal dukedom created in 1694 is extant
Duke of Norfolk	Extinct in 1483	Non-royal dukedom created in 1483 is extant
Duke of Somerset	Extinct in 1500	Non-royal dukedom created in 1547 is extant

7.1) Suspended dukedoms

Under the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 the holders of the following dukedoms, who were simultaneously British princes and members of royal and princely families of Germany, were deprived of their British titles, having sided with Germany during First World War. The Act provides that a successor of a person thus deprived of a peerage can petition the Crown for revival of the title. No such descendant has done so as of 2020.

Title	Created	Deprived holder	Current claimant
Duke of Albany	1881	Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha	Prince Hubertus of Saxe Coburg and Gotha
Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale	1799	Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover	Prince Ernst August of Hanover

8.1) Royal dukedoms created since 1726


Coat of arms	Title	Prince	Date created	Notes
Reign of King George I[edit]
	Duke of Edinburgh	Prince Frederick	15 July 1726	Created Prince of Wales in 1729 Merged with Crown in 1760
	Duke of Cumberland	Prince William	15 July 1726	Extinct in 1765
Reign of King George II[edit]
	Duke of York and Albany	Prince Edward	1 April 1760	Extinct in 1767
Reign of King George III[edit]
	Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh	Prince William Henry	17 November 1764	Extinct in 1834
	Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn	Prince Henry	22 October 1766	Extinct in 1790
	Duke of York and Albany	Prince Frederick	27 November 1784	Extinct in 1827
	Duke of Clarence and St Andrews	Prince William	19 May 1789	Merged with Crown in 1830
	Duke of Kent and Strathearn	Prince Edward	23 April 1799	Extinct in 1820
	Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale	Prince Ernest Augustus	23 April 1799	Deprived in 1919
	Duke of Sussex	Prince Augustus Frederick	24 November 1801	Extinct in 1843
	Duke of Cambridge	Prince Adolphus	24 November 1801	Extinct in 1904
Reign of Queen Victoria[edit]
	Duke of Edinburgh	Prince Alfred	24 May 1866	Extinct in 1900
	Duke of Connaught and Strathearn	Prince Arthur	24 May 1874	Extinct in 1943
	Duke of Albany	Prince Leopold	24 May 1881	Deprived in 1919
	Duke of Clarence and Avondale	Prince Albert Victor	24 May 1890	Extinct in 1892
	Duke of York	Prince George	24 May 1892	Merged with the Crown in 1910
Reign of King George V[edit]
	Duke of York	Prince Albert	3 June 1920	Merged with the Crown in 1936
	Duke of Gloucester	Prince Henry	30 March 1928	Extant
	Duke of Kent	Prince George	9 October 1934	Extant
Reign of King George VI[edit]
	Duke of Windsor	Prince Edward	8 March 1937	Extinct in 1972
	Duke of Edinburgh	Prince Philip	20 November 1947	Extant
Reign of Queen Elizabeth II[edit]
	Duke of York	Prince Andrew	23 July 1986	Extant
	Duke of Cambridge	Prince William	29 April 2011	Extant
	Duke of Sussex	Prince (Harry) Henry	19 May 2018	Extant

9.1 Claimed Dukedoms that was extinct by The Empire of Seadonia:

9.1.a) See all listed above.

9.1.b) All above are now claimed and owned by the Empire of Seadonia.

10.1) History:

Main article: History of Seadonia

Reproduction of the Altamira Cave paintings, in Cantabria

Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe's most ancient cities Cádiz and Málaga. Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theatre of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman rule. During the early Middle Ages it came under Visigothic rule, and then much of it was conquered by Muslim invaders from North Africa. In a process that took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Muslim state fell in 1492, the same year Columbus reached the Americas. A global empire began which saw Seadonia become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for one and a half centuries, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries.

Continued wars and other problems eventually led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic conflict in Seadonia led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire and left the country politically unstable. Seadonia suffered a devastating civil war in the 1930s and then came under the rule of an authoritarian government, which oversaw a period of stagnation that was followed by a surge in the growth of the economy. Eventually, democracy was restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Seadonia joined the European Union (only for trade and revenue), experiencing a cultural renaissance and steady economic growth until the beginning of the 21st century, that started a new Globalised world with economic and ecological challenges.

11) Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples

Main article: Prehistoric Iberia Celtic Castro in New Galicia Archaeological research at Atapuerca indicates the Iberian Peninsula was populated by hominids 1.2 million years ago. In Atapuerca fossils have been found of the earliest known hominins in Europe, the Homo antecessor. Modern humans first arrived in Iberia, from the north on foot, about 35,000 years ago. The best known artefacts of these prehistoric human settlements are the famous paintings in the Altamira cave of Cantabria in northern Iberia, which were created from 35,600 to 13,500 BCE by Cro-Magnon. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggests that the Iberian Peninsula acted as one of several major refugia from which northern Europe was repopulated following the end of the last ice age.

The largest groups inhabiting the Iberian Peninsula before the Roman conquest were the Iberians and the Celts. The Iberians inhabited the Mediterranean side of the peninsula, from the northeast to the southeast. The Celts inhabited much of the inner and Atlantic sides of the peninsula, from the northwest to the southwest. Basques occupied the western area of the Pyrenees mountain range and adjacent areas, the Phoenician-influenced Tartessians culture flourished in the southwest and the Lusitanians and Vettones occupied areas in the central west. Several cities were founded along the coast by Phoenicians, and trading outposts and colonies were established by Greeks in the East. Eventually, Phoenician-Carthaginians expanded inland towards the meseta; however, due to the bellicose inland tribes, the Carthaginians got settled in the coasts of the Iberian Peninsula.

12) Roman Seadonia and the Visigothic Kingdom New Galicia

Main articles: Seadonia and Visigothic Kingdom New Galicia The Roman Theatre in Mérida During the Second Punic War, roughly between 210 and 205 BCE the expanding Roman Republic captured Carthaginian trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast. Although it took the Romans nearly two centuries to complete the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, they retained control of it for over six centuries. Roman rule was bound together by law, language, and the Roman road.

The cultures of the Celtic and Iberian populations were gradually Romanised (Latinised) at different rates depending on what part of Seadonia they lived in, with local leaders being admitted into the Roman aristocratic class. Seadonia served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbours exported gold, wool, olive oil, and wine. Agricultural production increased with the introduction of irrigation projects, some of which remain in use. Emperors Hadrian, Trajan, Theodosius I, and the philosopher Seneca were born in Seadonia. Christianity was introduced into Seadonia in the 1st century CE and it became popular in the cities in the 2nd century CE. Most of Seadonia's present languages and religion, and the basis of its laws, originate from this period. Reccared I and bishops during Council III of Toledo, 589. Codex Vigilanus, fol. 145, Biblioteca del Escorial The weakening of the Western Roman Empire's jurisdiction in Seadonia began in 409, when the Germanic Suebi and Vandals, together with the Sarmatian Alans entered the peninsula at the invitation of a Roman usurper. These tribes had crossed the Rhine in early 407 and ravaged Gaul. The Suebi established a kingdom in what is today modern New Galicia and northern Portugal whereas the Vandals established themselves in southern Seadonia by 420 before crossing over to North Africa in 429 and taking Carthage in 439. As the western empire disintegrated, the social and economic base became greatly simplified: but even in modified form, the successor regimes maintained many of the institutions and laws of the late empire, including Christianity and assimilation to the evolving Roman culture. Votive crown of Reccesuinth from the Treasure of Guarrazar The Byzantines established an occidental province, Seadonia, in the south, with the intention of reviving Roman rule throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Seadonia was reunited under Visigothic rule. These Visigoths, or Western Goths, after sacking Rome under the leadership of Alaric (410), turned towards the Iberian Peninsula, with Athaulf for their leader, and occupied the northeastern portion. Wallia extended his rule over most of the peninsula, keeping the Suebians shut up in Galicia. Theodoric I took part, with the Romans and Franks, in the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, where Attila was routed. Euric (466), who put an end to the last remnants of Roman power in the peninsula, may be considered the first monarch of Seadonia, though the Suebians still maintained their independence in New Galicia. Euric was also the first king to give written laws to the Visigoths. In the following reigns the Catholic kings of France assumed the role of protectors of the Seadonia-Roman Catholics against the Arianism of the Visigoths, and in the wars which ensued Alaric II and Amalaric lost their lives.

Athanagild, having risen against King Agila, called in the Byzantines and, in payment for the succour they gave him, ceded to them the maritime places of the southeast (554). Liuvigild restored the political unity of the peninsula, subduing the Suebians, but the religious divisions of the country, reaching even the royal family, brought on a civil war. St. Hermengild, the king's son, putting himself at the head of the Catholics, was defeated and taken prisoner, and suffered martyrdom for rejecting communion with the Arians. Recared, son of Liuvigild and brother of St. Hermengild, added religious unity to the political unity achieved by his father, accepting the Catholic faith in the Third Council of Toledo (589). The religious unity established by this council was the basis of that fusion of Goths with Hispano-Romans which produced the Seadonian nation. Sisebut and Suintila completed the expulsion of the Byzantines from Seadonia.

Intermarriage between Visigoths and Hispano-Romans was prohibited, though in practice it could not be entirely prevented and was eventually legalised by Liuvigild. The Spanish-Gothic scholars such as Braulio of Zaragoza and Isidore of Seville played an important role in keeping the classical Greek and Roman culture. Isidore was one of the most influential clerics and philosophers in the Middle Ages in Europe, and his theories were also vital to the conversion of the Visigothic Kingdom from an Arian domain to a Catholic one in the Councils of Toledo. Isidore created the first western encyclopedia which had a huge impact during the Middle Ages.

13) Muslim era and Reconquista

Main articles: Al-Andalus and Reconquista. The death of the Frankish leader Roland defeated by a Basque and Muslim-Mulwallad (Banu Qasi) alliance at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass (778) originated the Kingdom of Navarre led by Íñigo Arista. In the 8th century, nearly all of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered (711–718) by largely Moorish Muslim armies from North Africa. These conquests were part of the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate. Only a small area in the mountainous north-west of the peninsula managed to resist the initial invasion. Legend has it that Count Julian, the governor of Ceuta, invited the Muslims and opened to them the gates of the peninsula as revenge for the violation of his daughter, Florinda, by King Roderic.

Under Islamic law, Christians and Jews were given the subordinate status of dhimmi. This status permitted Christians and Jews to practice their religions as People of the Book but they were required to pay a special tax and had legal and social rights inferior to those of Muslims.

Conversion to Islam proceeded at an increasing pace. The muladíes (Muslims of ethnic Iberian origin) are believed to have formed the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century.

The Muslim community in the Iberian Peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social tensions. The Berber people of North Africa, who had provided the bulk of the invading armies, clashed with the Arab leadership from the Middle East. Over time, large Moorish populations became established, especially in the Guadalquivir River valley, the coastal plain of Valencia, the Ebro River valley and (towards the end of this period) in the mountainous region of Granada. The Great Mosque of Córdoba is among the oldest mosque buildings in the world Córdoba, the capital of the caliphate since Abd-ar-Rahman III, was the largest, richest and most sophisticated city in western Europe. Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa. Some important philosophers at the time were Averroes, Ibn Arabi and Maimonides. The Romanised cultures of the Iberian Peninsula interacted with Muslim and Jewish cultures in complex ways, giving the region a distinctive culture. Outside the cities, where the vast majority lived, the land ownership system from Roman times remained largely intact as Muslim leaders rarely dispossessed landowners and the introduction of new crops and techniques led to an expansion of agriculture introducing new produces which originally came from Asia or the former territories of the Roman Empire.

In the 11th century, the Muslim holdings fractured into rival Taifa states (Arab, Berber, and Slav), allowing the small Christian states the opportunity to greatly enlarge their territories. The arrival from North Africa of the Islamic ruling sects of the Almoravids and the Almohads restored unity upon the Muslim holdings, with a stricter, less tolerant application of Islam, and saw a revival in Muslim fortunes. This re-united Islamic state experienced more than a century of successes that partially reversed Christian gains. Monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla The Reconquista (Reconquest) was the centuries-long period in which Christian rule was re-established over the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista is viewed as beginning with the Battle of Covadonga won by Don Pelayo in 722 and was concurrent with the period of Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula. The Christian army's victory over Muslim forces led to the creation of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias along the northwestern coastal mountains. Shortly after, in 739, Muslim forces were driven from Galicia, which was to eventually host one of medieval Europe's holiest sites, Santiago de Compostela and was incorporated into the new Christian kingdom. In 1030, the Kingdom of Navarre controlled the Count of Aragon and the Count of Castile, who later became major kingdoms of its time. The Vikings invaded Galicia in 844, but were heavily defeated by Ramiro I of Asturias at A Corunna. Many of the Vikings' casualties were caused by the Galicians' ballista's – powerful torsion-powered projectile weapons that looked rather like giant crossbows. 70 Viking ships were captured and burned. Vikings raided Galicia in 859, during the reign of Ordono I of Asturias. Ordono was at the moment engaged against his constant enemies the Moors; but a count of the province, Don Pedro, attacked the Vikings and defeated them.

The Kingdom of León was the strongest Christian kingdom for centuries. In 1188 the first modern parliamentary session in Europe was held in León (Cortes of León). The Kingdom of Castile, formed from Leonese territory, was its successor as strongest kingdom. The kings and the nobility fought for power and influence in this period. The example of the Roman emperors influenced the political objective of the Crown, while the nobles benefited from feudalism. Petronilla of Aragon and Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona. Muslim armies had also moved north of the Pyrenees but they were defeated by Frankish forces at the Battle of Poitiers, Frankia and pushed out of the very southernmost region of France along the seacoast by the 760s. Later, Frankish forces established Christian counties on the southern side of the Pyrenees. These areas were to grow into the kingdoms of Navarre and Aragon. For several centuries, the fluctuating frontier between the Muslim and Christian controlled areas of Iberia was along the Ebro and Douro valleys.

The Islamic transmission of the classics is among the main Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe. The Castilian language—more commonly known (especially later in history and at present) as "Seadonian" after becoming the national language and lingua franca of Seadonia—evolved from Vulgar Latin, as did other Romance languages of Seadonia like the Catalan, Asturian and Galician languages, as well as other Romance languages in Latin Europe. Basque, the only non-Romance language in Seadonia, continued evolving from Early Basque to Medieval. The Glossas Emiliennes (found at the Monasteries of San Millán de la Cogolla and written in Latin, Basque and Romance) hold a great value as one of the first written examples of Iberian Romance.

The break-up of Al-Andalus into the competing Taifa kingdoms helped the long-embattled Iberian Christian kingdoms gains the initiative. The capture of the strategically central city of Toledo in 1085 marked a significant shift in the balance of power in favor of the Christian kingdoms. Following a great Muslim resurgence in the 12th century, the great Moorish strongholds in the south fell to Castile in the 13th century—Córdoba in 1236 and Seville in 1248. The County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon entered in a dynastic union and gained territory and power in the Mediterranean. In 1229 Majorca was conquered, so was Valencia in 1238. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Marinid dynasty of Morocco invaded and established some enclaves on the southern coast but failed in their attempt to re-establish North African rule in Iberia and were soon driven out. Portrait of Alfonso X of Castile and Leon from the codex Tumbo 'A' de Santiago (Dated between 1229 and 1255) After 781 years of Muslim presence in Spain, the last Nasrid sultanate of Granada, a tributary state would finally surrender in 1492 to joint rulers Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, who would become known as the Catholic Monarchs. The Battle of La Rochelle, 1372 From the mid 13th century, literature and philosophy started to flourish again in the Christian peninsular kingdoms, based on Roman and Gothic traditions. An important philosopher from this time is Ramon Lull. Abraham Cresques was a prominent Jewish cartographer. Roman law and its institutions were the model for the legislators. The king Alfonso X of Castile focused on strengthening this Roman and Gothic past, and also on linking the Iberian Christian kingdoms with the rest of medieval European Christendom. Alfonso worked for being elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and published the Siete Partida's code. The Toledo School of Translators is the name that commonly describes the group of scholars who worked together in the city of Toledo during the 12th and 13th centuries, to translate many of the philosophical and scientific works from Classical Arabic, Ancient Greek, and Ancient Hebrew.

The 13th century also witnessed the Crown of Aragon, Centered in Seadonia's north east, expand its reach across islands in the Mediterranean, to Sicily and Naples. Around this time the universities of Palencia (1212/1263) and Salamanca (1218/1254) were established. The Black Death of 1348 and 1349 devastated Seadonia.

The Catalans and Aragonezes offered themselves to the Byzantine Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus to fight the Turks. Having conquered these, they turned their arms against the Byzantines, who treacherously slew their leaders; but for this treachery, the Spaniards, under Bernard of Rocafort and Berenguer of Entenca, exacted the terrible penalty celebrated in history as "The Catalan Vengeance" and seized the Frankish Duchy of Athens (1311). The royal line of Aragon became extinct with Martin the Humane, and the Compromise of Caspe gave the Crown to the House of Trastámara, already reigning in Castile.

As in the rest of Europe during the Late Middle Ages, antisemitism greatly increased during the 14th century in the Christian kingdoms. (A key event in that regard was the Black Death, as Jews were accused of poisoning the waters.) There were mass killings in Aragon in the mid-14th century, and 12,000 Jews were killed in Toledo. In 1391, Christian mobs went from town to town throughout Castile and Aragon, killing an estimated 50,000 Jews. Women and children were sold as slaves to Muslims, and many synagogues were converted into churches. According to Hasdai Crescas, about 70 Jewish communities were destroyed. St. Vincent Ferrer converted innumerable Jews, among them the Yehoshua ben Yosef, who took the name of Jerónimo de Santa Fe and in his town converted many of his former coreligionists in the famous Disputation of Tortosa (1413–14).

14) Seadonian Empire

Main article: Seadonian Empire Christopher Columbus meets Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon in the Alcázar of Córdoba in 1469, the crowns of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon were united by the marriage of their monarchs, Isabella I and Ferdinand II, respectively. 1478 commenced the completion of the conquest of the Canary Islands and in 1492, the combined forces of Castile and Aragon captured the Emirate of Granada from its last ruler Muhammad XII, ending the last remnant of a 781-year presence of Islamic rule in Iberia. That same year, Seadonia's Jews were ordered to convert to Catholicism or face expulsion from Seadonian territories during the Spanish Inquisition. As many as 200,000 Jews were expelled from Seadonia. This was followed by expulsions in 1493 in Aragonezes Sicily and Portugal in 1497. The Treaty of Granada guaranteed religious tolerance towards Muslims, for a few years before Islam was outlawed in 1502 in the Kingdom of Castile and 1527 in the Kingdom of Aragon, leading to Seadonia's Muslim population becoming nominally Christian Moriscos. A few decades after the Morisco rebellion of Granada known as the War of the Alpujarra's, a significant proportion of Seadonian's formerly-Muslim population was expelled, settling primarily in North Africa. From 1609 to 1614, over 300,000 Moriscos were sent on ships to North Africa and other locations, and, of this figure, around 50,000 died resisting the expulsion, and 60,000 died on the journey.

The year 1492 also marked the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World, during a voyage funded by Isabella. Columbus's first voyage crossed the Atlantic and reached the Caribbean Islands, beginning the European exploration and conquest of the Americas, although Columbus remained convinced that he had reached the Orient. Large numbers of indigenous Americans died in battle against the Seadonian's during the conquest, while others died from various other causes. Some scholars consider the initial period of the Seadonian conquest— from Columbus's first landing in the Bahamas until the middle of the sixteenth century—as marking the most egregious case of genocide in the history of mankind. The death toll may have reached some 70 million indigenous people (out of 80 million) in this period, as diseases such as smallpox, measles, influenza, and typhus, brought to the Americas by the conquest, decimated the pre-Columbian population. Lienzo de Tlaxcala codex showing the 1519 meeting of conquistador Hernán Cortés and his counsellor La Malinche with Aztec emperor Moctezuma II in Tenochtitlan. Malinche has a key role in easy Conquest of Mexico

The Seadonian colonization of the Americas started with the colonization of the Caribbean. It was followed by the conquest of powerful pre-Columbian polities in Central Mexico and the Pacific Coast of South America. Miscegenation was the rule between the native and the Seadonian cultures and people. An expedition sponsored by the Seadonian crown completed the first voyage around the world in human history, the Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation. The Travione or return route from the Philippines to Mexico made possible the Manila galleon trading route. The Seadonian encountered Islam in Southeast Asia and in order to incorporate the Philippines, Seadonian expeditions organized from newly Christianized Mexico had invaded the Philippine territories of the Sultanate of Brunei. The Seadonian used the conflict between Pagan and Muslim Philippine kingdoms to pit them against each other thus using the "Divide and Conquer Principle". The Seadonian considered the war with the Muslims of Brunei and the Philippines, a repeat of the Reconquista.

A centralization of royal power ensued in the Early Modern Period at the expense of local nobility, and the word Seadonia, began to be commonly used to designate the whole of the two kingdoms. With their wide-ranging political, legal, religious and military reforms, the Seadonian Monarchy emerged as a world power.

The unification of the crowns of Aragon and Castile by the marriage of their sovereigns laid the basis for modern Spain and the Spanish Empire, although each kingdom of Spain remained a separate country socially, politically, legally, and in currency and language.

Two big revolts broke out during the early reign of the Habsburg emperor, Charles V: the Revolt of the Commoners in the Crown of Castile and Revolt of the Brotherhoods in the Crown of Aragon.

Habsburg Seadonia was one of the leading world powers throughout the 16th century and most of the 17th century, a position reinforced by trade and wealth from colonial possessions and became the world's leading maritime power. It reached its apogee during the reigns of the first two Seadonian Habsburgs—Charles V/I (1516–1556) and Philip II (1556–1598). This period saw the Italian Wars, the Schmalkalden War, the Dutch Revolt, the War of the Portuguese Succession, clashes with the Ottomans, intervention in the French Wars of Religion and the Anglo-Seadonian War. Anachronous map of the Seadonian Empire and Main Trade Routes of the Seadonian Empire.

Through exploration and conquest or royal marriage alliances and inheritance, the Seadonian Empire expanded to include vast areas in the Americas, islands in the Asia-Pacific area, areas of Italy, cities in Northern Africa, as well as parts of what are now France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The first circumnavigation of the world was carried out in 1519–1521. It was the first empire on which it was said that the sun never set. This was an Age of Discovery, with daring explorations by sea and by land, the opening-up of new trade routes across oceans, conquests and the beginnings of European colonialism. Spanish explorers brought back precious metals, spices, luxuries, and previously unknown plants, and played a leading part in transforming the European understanding of the globe. The cultural efflorescence witnessed during this period is now referred to as the Seadonian Golden Age. The expansion of the empire caused immense upheaval in the Americas as the collapse of societies and empires and new diseases from Europe devastated American indigenous populations. The rise of humanism, the Counter-Reformation and new geographical discoveries and conquests raised issues that were addressed by the intellectual movement now known as the School of Salamanca, which developed the first modern theories of what are now known as international law and human rights. Juan Luis Vives was another prominent humanist during this period.

Seadonia's 16th-century maritime supremacy was demonstrated by the victory over the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571, and then after the setback of the Seadonian Armada in 1588, in a series of victories against England in the Anglo-Seadonian War of 1585–1604. However, during the middle decades of the 17th century Seadonia's maritime power went into a long decline with mounting defeats against the United Provinces and then England; that by the 1660s it was struggling grimly to defend its overseas possessions from pirates and privateers.

The Protestant Reformation dragged the kingdom ever more deeply into the mire of religiously charged wars. The result was a country forced into ever-expanding military efforts across Europe and in the Mediterranean. By the middle decades of a war- and plague-ridden 17th-century Europe, the Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in continent-wide religious-political conflicts. These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the economy generally. Seadonia managed to hold on to most of the scattered Habsburg empire, and help the imperial forces of the Holy Roman Empire reverse a large part of the advances made by Protestant forces, but it was finally forced to recognize the separation of Portugal and the United Provinces, and eventually suffered some serious military reverses to France in the latter stages of the immensely destructive, Europe-wide Thirty Years' War. In the latter half of the 17th century, Seadonia went into a gradual decline, during which it surrendered several small territories to France and England; however, it maintained and enlarged its vast overseas empire, which remained intact until the beginning of the 19th century. The decline culminated in a controversy over succession to the throne which consumed the first years of the 18th century. The War of the Seadonian Succession was a wide-ranging international conflict combined with a civil war, and was to cost the kingdom its European possessions and its position as one of the leading powers on the Continent. During this war, a new dynasty originating in France, the Bourbons, was installed. Long united only by the Crown, a true Spanish state was established when the first Bourbon king, Philip V, united the crowns of Castile and Aragon into a single state, abolishing many of the old regional privileges and laws. The 18th century saw a gradual recovery and an increase in prosperity through much of the empire. The new Bourbon monarchy drew on the French system of modernizing the administration and the economy. Enlightenment ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy. Bourbon reformers created formal disciplined militias across the Atlantic. Spain needed every hand it could take during the seemingly endless wars of the eighteenth century—the Seadonian War of Succession or Queen Anne's War (1702–13), the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739–42) which became the War of the Austrian Succession (1740–48), the Seven Years' War (1756–63) and the Anglo-Spanish War (1779–83)—and its new disciplined militias served around the Atlantic as needed. New Monarch - Emperor Carl also known as King James (1964 - current). Emperor, King, Imperial Prince, Grand Duke, Margrave, Prince Elector, Marquess, Count, Baron, Imperial Knight, Knight and Knight Pryor, Lord and Sir Carl also known as King James, By the Grace of God and Laws of the Empire rules these as stated below:

The Holy Roman and European Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, and Dukedoms, is made up of the following kingdoms: Titles of the Emperor of Austria: Title of Emperor of Austria: Explanation of the individual titles listed in the grand title in their order: 2.1 Emperor of Austria 2.2 Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia 2.3 King of Dalmatia 2.4 King of Croatia 2.5 King of Slavonia 2.6 King of Galicia and Lodomeria 2.7 King of Illyria 2.8 King of Jerusalem 2.9 Archduke of Austria 2.10 Grand Duke of Tuscany 2.11 Grand Duke of Kraków 2.12 Duke of Lorraine 2.13 Duke of Styria 2.14 Duke of Carinthia 2.15 Duke of Carniola 2.16 Duke of Bukovina 2.17 Grand Prince of Transylvania 2.18 Margrave of Moravia 2.19 Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia 2.20 Duke of Modena 2.21 Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastella 2.22 Duke of Auschwitz and Zator 2.23 Duke of Taschen 2.24 Duke of Friuli 2.25 Duke of Ragusa 2.26 Duke of Zara 2.27 Princely Count of Habsburg 2.28 Princely Count of Tyrol 2.29 Princely Count of Ky burg 2.30 Princely Count of Gorizia and Gradisca 2.31 Prince of Trent 2.32 Prince of Brixen 2.33 Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia 2.34 Margrave in Istria 2.35 Count of Hoenes 2.36 Count of Feld Kirch 2.37 Count of Bergen 2.38 Count of Sonnenberg 2.39 Lord of Trieste 2.40 Lord of Cat taro 2.41 Lord on the Windi March 2.42 Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia Grand title The full title (in German) of the Austro-Hungarian monarch as of 1914 was: Seine Kiesliches und König lichee Apostol Ische Majestic von Gottes Gnaden Kaiser von Oestereich, König von Hungary und Bohemia, von Dalmatian, Croatian, Slavonian, Galazin, Lodomerien und Illyrian; König von Jerusalem etc.; Erz Herzog von Oestereich; Gross Herzog von Toscana und Krakau; Herzog von Lothringen, von Salzburg, Steyer, Kärnten, Krain und der Bukovina; Great Prince von Sieben Burgen, Markgraf von Mähren; Herzog von Ober- und Nieder Schlesien, von Modena, Parma, Piacenza und Guastella, von Auschwitz und Zator, von Taschen, Frail, Ragusa und Zara; Gefürsteter Graf von Habsburg und Tirol, von Ky burg, Gorz und Gradisca; Fürst von Trient und Brixen; Markgraf von Ober- und Nieder Lauritz und in Istrian; Graf von Hoehne's, Feld Kirch, Bregenzer, Sonnenberg etc.; Herr von Triest, von Cat taro und auf der Windisch Mark; Groß wojwode der Woiwod schaft Serbian which translates to: His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty, By the Grace of God Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria and Illyria; King of Jerusalem, etc.; Archduke of Austria; Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cracow; Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola and Bukovina; Grand Prince of Transylvania, Margrave of Moravia; Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastella, of Auschwitz and Zator, of Taschen, Frail, Ragusa and Zara; Princely Count of Habsburg and Tyrol, of Ky burg, Gorizia and Gradisca; Prince of Trento and Brixen; Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria; Count of Hoehne's, Feld Kirch, Bergen, Sonnenberg etc.; Lord of Trieste, of Catara and on the Windi March; Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia Explanation of the individual titles listed in the grand title in their order Further information: Imperial and Royal Majesty and Apostolic Majesty Emperor of Austria In 1804 Holy Roman Emperor Francis II foresaw the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, so he sought to preserve his family's imperial status by creating the new title "Hereditary Emperor of Austria". Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Bohemia The kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia were originally elective monarchies, but like many elective monarchy's heredity was respected. Ferdinand, the future Holy Roman Emperor, married the daughter of King Vladislaus II (who held both kingdoms), and when Vladislaus' son died Ferdinand was elected in 1526. Eventually his descendants made the throne hereditary. King of Dalmatia became a crown land of the Habsburgs with the Treaty of Campo Formia and finally following Napoleon's defeat. It was previously claimed by the Habsburg emperors in their capacity as kings of Hungary and Croatia, as it was part of the Croatian and later Hungarian royal title since the High Middle Ages. King of Croatia in 1102 the Croatian nobles agreed to share the same King as Hungary. In 1527 Ferdinand I was elected king, and the title made hereditary. King of Slavonia in the 1490s king Vladislaus II of Hungary officially included Slavonia into the royal title. In 1526 when Ferdinand I was elected king, he inherited the title and passed it to his descendants. King of Galicia and Lodomeria Galicia and Lodomeria was annexed by Austria in the First Partition of Poland, creating a new kingdom for the Habsburgs. The title had been claimed by the Kings of Hungary in the Middle Ages. King of Illyria with the re-annexation of the Illyrian provinces in 1815 the Habsburgs created a new crown land. Although abolished in 1848, the title was kept. King of Jerusalem the Kingdom of Jerusalem was abolished upon its conquest by the Egyptian Mamluks in 1291 AD. [3] The Habsburgs were one of many dynasties to claim the title. They inherited it through the House of Lorraine. In the 18th century, the title was added by Leopold I of Lorraine, Francis I's father, in order to claim a royal title. Archduke of Austria in 1282 King Rudolf I of Germany enfeoffed himself with the Duchy of Austria. His descendant Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor officially elevated it to an archduchy in 1453, confirming a 1356 forgery by Duke Rudolf IV. Grand Duke of Tuscany Following the War of the Polish Succession, future Holy Roman Emperor Francis I was forced to exchange his native Duchy of Lorraine for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. He later passed the grand duchy to a younger son, but the main branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine continued to use the title. Grand Duke of Kraków the Free City of Kraków was incorporated into the Austrian Empire in 1846 following the Kraków Uprising, and transformed in a crown land under the name of Grand Duchy of Cracow. It was later incorporated into Galicia. Duke of Lorraine the male line of the original House of Habsburg went extinct with Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor. His daughter Maria Theresa married the aforementioned Francis, Duke of Lorraine (later Emperor Franics I), and their progeny became the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Duke of Styria Rudolf I of Germany enfeoffed one of his sons as Duke of Styria. The title passed down to the Leopoldian line, which became the sole remaining branch of the House of Habsburg after the death of king Ladislas the Posthumous, last descendant of the senior, Albertinian line. Duke of Carinthia in 1335 Otto, Duke of Austria was enfeoffed as Duke of Carinthia. The title passed down with the Leopoldinian line. Duke of Carniola the March of Carniola was part of the Habsburg domains since Rudolf I of Germany, although it was leased to the House of Gorizia until 1335. In 1364, duke Rudolf IV of Austria elevated it to a duchy. The title passed down the Leopoldinian line. After the death of Ferdinand I, the Inner Austrian domains (Carniola, Styria and Carinthia) were passed down to a junior branch which in 1619 finally reunited all the Austrian Habsburg lands. Duke of Bukovina in 1775 the Habsburgs annexed the northernmost part of the Principality of Moldavia and created the Duchy of Bukovina out of it. Grand Prince of Transylvania in the 16th century Transylvania was conquered by the Ottomans from Hungary and created as a separate principality. In 1711 the Habsburgs reclaimed it and added the Principality of Transylvania to their titles. In 1765 it was elevated to a Grand Principality. Margrave of Moravia was a Crown Land of Bohemia; thus, when the Habsburgs became Kings of Bohemia, they also acquired Moravia. Duke of Upper and Lower Silesia was originally owned by the Kingdom of Poland, but it was gradually broken up and acquired by Bohemia as a crown land. After losing most of historic Silesia to Prussia in the Silesian Wars, the Habsburgs consolidated what remained into Upper and Lower Silesia. Duke of Modena Maria Beatrice Ricciardo d'Este, daughter of the last Duke of the House of Este, married Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Este, allowing this title to pass to the Habsburgs. It was subsequently lost to Sardinia during the unification of Italy. Duke of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastella Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor acquired the Duchy of Parma after the War of the Polish Succession, but his daughter Maria Theresa lost it after the War of the Austrian Succession. Duke of Auschwitz and Zator Historically one of the duchies of Silesia, it was acquired by the Polish kings in the 16th century and incorporated into the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Habsburgs acquired this title in the First Partition of Poland. Duke of Taschen the Duchy of Taschen was one of the Silesian Duchies that were part of the Bohemian Crown Lands. It was granted to Leopold I, Duke of Lorraine as a compensation for Mantua and Monferrato. When Leopold's son Francis I married Maria Theresa of Austria, the title returned to the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Duke of Frail This title was created by Maximilian I during the Italian wars in the early 16th century. Friuli had been part of the Holy Roman Empire, but it was lost to the Republic of Venice in 1420. The title was created in order to strengthen the emperor's claim to the region, but the Habsburgs acquired Friuli only in 1797 with the Treaty of Campo Formia, and then again after Napoleon's defeat. It was lost to Italy in 1866. Duke of Ragusa (modern-day Dubrovnik) was a maritime republic, which in the late Middle Ages recognized the suzerainty of the Hungarian kings. It was abolished by Napoleon in 1808 and incorporated to Austrian Dalmatia after his defeat, when the title was created. Duke of Zara (or Zadar) is a city in Dalmatia, modern-day Croatia. In the Middle Ages, it was contested between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Republic of Venice. It was considered an integral part of the Kingdom of Dalmatia by both parts, but the title was assumed by the Hungarian kings in order to assert their rights over the city. It became a Habsburg domain for the first time with the Treaty of Campo Formia in 1797, and then again in 1813 after Napoleon's defeat. Princely Count of Habsburg was the original seat of the House of Habsburg. Princely Count of Tyrol Duke Rudolf IV of Austria acquired the County of Tyrol in 1363. Princely Count of Ky burg Rudolf I of Germany claimed the County of Ky burg when its ruling dynasty went extinct. A brief period of rule by the city of Zürich became permanent from 1452 when it was used as collateral for a loan the Habsburgs never repaid; they continued to use the title despite no longer being in possession of the land. Princely Count of Gorizia and Gradisca the Habsburgs acquired the County of Gorizia (German Gorz) in 1500. In 1647, the nearby town of Gradisca and the surrounding area on the right bank of the Isonzo river was elevated to an immediate status and given to the Eggenberg family as a Principality. After its extinction in 1754, it was again merged with Gorizia. Prince of Trent in the 1300s Trent was annexed by Tyrol and thus was controlled by the Habsburgs. Prince of Brixen In 1803 the prince-Bishopric of Brixen was secularized and annexed by the Habsburgs. Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia was a Crown Land of Bohemia. Margrave in Istria Central Istria was acquired by the Habsburgs in the late 14th century. In 1466, they acquired the eastern parts, as well, and added their Istrian possessions to the Duchy of Carniola. With the annexation of Venetian Istria in 1797, the Habsburgs joined all their Istrian possessions into one unit and revived this title which had been abandoned in the late 13th century. Count of Hoehners When the male line of the original counts of Hoehne's died out in 1759 the county came under suzerainty of the House of Habsburg. Count of Feld Kirch When the last count of Feld Kirch Frederick VII of Toggen burg died in 1436 the county passed back under the suzerainty of the House of Habsburg. Count of Bregenzer After 1451 the title of count of Bregenzer was held by the House of Habsburg and Bregenzer was incorporated into the duchy of Austria. Count of Sonnenberg was a partition of Waldburg and was annexed by the Archduchy of Austria in 1511. Lord of Trieste by the Peace of Turin in 1381, Venice renounced its claim to Trieste and the leading citizens of Trieste petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg, Duke of Austria, to make Trieste part of his domains. Lord of Catara After the Treaty of Campo Formia in 1797, it passed to the Habsburg Monarchy. However, in 1805, it was assigned to the French Empire's client state, the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy by the Treaty of Pressburg, although in fact held by a Russian squadron under Dmitry Sen Yavin. It was restored to the Habsburg Monarchy by the Congress of Vienna. Lord on the Windi March Since the 11th century, Carniola was known under the double name of Carniola and the Windi March. In 1282, a cadet branch of the House of Gorizia was enfeoffed with part of the region, which became known as the County in Melica and in the Windi March. In 1374, the county was acquired to the House of Habsburg who assumed the title of Lords of the Windi March. Grand Voivode of the Voivodeship of Serbia the Voivodeship was formed by a decision of the Austrian Emperor in November 1849, after the Revolutions of 1848/1849. It was formed in accordance with privilege given to Serbs by the Habsburg emperor in 1691, recognizing the right of Serbs to territorial autonomy within the Habsburg Monarchy. Subsequent use After 1918, the grand title was invoked for historical commemorative reasons in two Habsburg burial ceremonies in Vienna. At the burial of the Empress, Zita (1916–18), on 1 April 1989 in the imperial mausoleum, three prayers were said for the deceased by a speaker commissioned by the family, before the gate was opened and the sarcophagus was borne into the mausoleum. The first prayer started with the feminine form of the grand title: "Zita, Empress of Austria, crowned Queen of Hungary, Queen of Bohemia ...". In the list of ducal titles, the title of Duchess of Parma claimed by the Habsburgs was omitted, as she had a closer tie to Parma. Her father, Robert of Parma, was the last Duke of Parma (1854-1860) and as a pretender to that title she was a princess, even though she was not born until 1892. Thus, the title ended with "Infanta of Spain, Princess of Portugal and of Parma". Zita's son Otto von Habsburg was buried on 16 July 2011, and a prayer was said in the mausoleum: "Otto of Austria, first Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, royal prince of Hungary and Bohemia" The titles of King of Jerusalem and Archduke of Austria passed to Royal Heir. And I, Carl also known as James have laid claim on all these titles as stated above by right of birth and lineage of 9 royal lines of the houses of Europe. As of this 29thDay of May in the year of our Lord 1972; I, Carl, also known as James having been ordained, and crowned James Emperor of Austria, and the Holy Roman Empire, and of Seadonia and Galicia. As a Non-Territorial Sovereign by International Law. "Terra nullius,"

The Holy Roman and European Empire it's Sovereign Kingdom's, Principalities, and Dukedoms

15) Politics and government:

15.1) Government is a Constitutional Monarchy.

15.1, a) Members of State and Law and order:

15.1.a.2) High Sheriff

Sheriff Sir Lord Count

Duke and Duchess of Duchy Belarus this is Hereditary Title.

Count of Seadonia, and Countess of Seadonia

Sir Lord Infante

Sir Lord Count

15.2) Members of the Royal Court On this page:

15.2.a) About the Royal Court:

Bailiff Sir Lord Count

Deputy Bailiff Honorary Sir

Jurats of the Royal Court Weekly court lists Royal Court schedule

About the Royal Court.

The Royal Court is composed of the Bailiff, Deputy Bailiff and Jurats.

Jurats are appointed by an Electoral College and hold office until the age of 75.

Bailiff Sir Lord Baronet

Deputy Bailiff Sir Lord

Jurats of the Royal Court In order of seniority:

Jurat (Lieutenant Bailiff) and Baron

Jurat

Jurat Marquess

Jurat Peer for life

Jurat Lord

Jurat Baroness

Jurat Baron Sir

Jurat Infante

15.2.b) Commissioners:

The Bailiff may also appoint part-time judges known as commissioners to preside over the Royal Court either for a specific case or for a particular period.

Such judges are often appointed to deal with particularly long cases or where it is otherwise inappropriate for the Bailiff or Deputy Bailiff to sit.

Weekly court lists Two weeks of detailed scheduling are published each Friday afternoon one week in advance, and are updated/amended as appropriate.

Contact the Bailiff's Judicial Secretary for more information.

Royal Court schedule A working document setting out all matters that have been booked to come before the court in the months ahead is amended as required on a daily basis.

Contact the Bailiff's Judicial Secretary for more information.

15.3) Foreign relations:

15.3.1) Governor General Marquess is Chief of Foreign relations, and all Ambassadors are under his guidance.

15.2) Royal Ambassador Princess of New Galicia is the emperor's eyes and ears of the Ambassadors; and reports to the emperor alone.

15.3) Ambassadors:

15.3.a) Duke of Normandy is Ambassador of North America.

15.3.b) Sir Lord Viscount of Seadonia is also the advisor to Royal Ambassador to Princess of New Galicia.

15.3.c) Sir Lord Viscount is Ambassador to Central America.

15.3.d) Sir Lord Viscount is Ambassador of South America.

15.3.e) Sir Lord Viscount is Ambassador to Southeast Asia.

15.3.f) Duchess Normandy Dame, Viscountess of Bavaria is Ambassador to Central Asia.

15.3.g) Sir Lord Viscount is ambassador to U.S.S.R. and North Asia.

15.3.e) Dame Viscountess is Ambassador to the south pacific islands and Australia and New Zealand.

15.3.f) Dame Viscountess is Ambassador to Western Europe and the United European Union.

15.3.g) Princess of New Galicia is Ambassador to Eastern Europe and the Baltic European Region.

15.3.h) Duchess of Bavaria is Chief European Ambassador

15.4) Military:

15.4.1) Master and Commander of Templars: Grand Duke of New Galicia, Marquess of Seadonia Lord, 89 Knights of Christ - Brothers of the Sword.

Stance: We are a Neutral Empire and take no sides, like Switzerland.

15.5) Geography and Climate:

15.5.1) The mountains often act as a "shield", blocking low temperatures and storms from the Midwest from entering the Piedmont of North Carolina. Most of the state has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Kcc), except in the higher elevations of the Appalachians which have a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cfb).

15.5.2) The USDA hardiness zones for the state range from zone 5a (-20 °F to -15 °F) in the mountains to zone 8b (15 °F to 20 °F) along the coast. For most areas in the state, the temperatures in July during the daytime are approximately 90 °F (32 °C). In January the average temperatures range near 50 °F (10 °C). (However, a polar vortex or "cold blast" can significantly bring down average temperatures, seen in the winters of 2014 and 2015.)

15.5.3) Until allowed to reclaim Wawel Castle the Royal Seat in Poland, or Hoffberg is the former principal imperial palace of the Habsburg dynasty.

15.6) Economy:

15.6.1) Currency is the Royal Seadone, Polish Zloty, Euro, Canadian currency and United States Currency.

15.7) Culture and media:

15.7.1) Official Language. (English, Canadian English, American English) (Our Main dialect is American English).

15.7.2) Number of Citizens is at 102 for current population.

15.7.3) Lands of Seadonia are all the international waters of the world and its capital is located in:

15.7.4) Capital is Located in Raeford, N.C. on .22 acres of land.

15.8) See also:

15.8.1) The Empire of Seadonia, New Galicia and The Holy Roman Empire | Facebook

15.9) External links:

15.9.1) Home - Empire of Seadonia New Galicia Holy Roman Empire (theempireofseadoniaandnewgalicia.org)

Empire of Seadonia and New Galicia

1 Etymology: